Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Overview 1
1.1 Lasers, Optics, and Photonics 1
1.2 Understanding the Laser 3
1.3 What Is a Laser? 4
1.4 Laser Materials and Types 8
1.5 Optical Properties of Laser Light 10
1.6 How Lasers Are Used? 14
1.7 What Have We Learned? 17
CHAPTER 2 Physical Basics 21
2.1 Electromagnetic Waves and Photons 21
2.2 Quantum and Classical Physics 29
2.3 Interactions of Light and Matter 39
2.4 Basic Optics and Simple Lenses 47
2.5 Fiber Optics 51
2.6 What Have We Learned? 54
CHAPTER 3 How Lasers Work 59
3.1 Building a Laser 59
3.2 Producing a Population Inversion 60
3.3 Resonant Cavities 66
3.4 Laser Beams and Resonance 73
3.5 Wavelength Selection and Tuning 81
3.6 Laser Excitation and Efficiency 85
3.7 What Have We Learned? 89
CHAPTER 4 Laser Characteristics 95
4.1 Coherence 95
4.2 Laser Wavelengths 98
4.3 Properties of Laser Beams 103
4.4 Laser Power 108
4.5 Laser Efficiency 110
4.6 Pulse Characteristics 115
4.7 Polarization 120
4.8 What Have We Learned? 121
CHAPTER 5 Optics, Laser Accessories, and Measurements 127
5.1 Classical Optical Devices 127
5.2 Optical Materials 136
5.3 Optical Coatings and Filters 141
5.4 Beam Delivery, Direction, and Propagation 145
5.5 Mounting and Positioning Equipment 148
5.6 Nonlinear Optics 149
5.7 Beam Modulation and Output Control 156
5.8 Measurements in Optics 159
5.9 What Have We Learned? 164
CHAPTER 6 Laser Types, Features, and Enhancements 169
6.1 Perspectives on Laser Types 169
6.2 Laser Media 171
6.3 Pumping and Energy Storage 177
6.4 Laser Pulse Characteristics 182
6.5 Wavelength Conversion 195
6.6 Laser Oscillators and Optical Amplifiers 201
6.7 Wavelength Options 207
6.8 Laser-Like Light Sources 209
6.9 What Have We Learned? 211
CHAPTER 7 Gas Lasers 217
7.1 The Gas-Laser Family 217
7.2 Gas-Laser Basics 218
7.3 Helium¢"Neon Lasers 225
7.4 Argon- and Krypton-Ion Lasers 229
7.5 Metal-Vapor Lasers 232
7.6 Carbon Dioxide Lasers 235
7.7 Excimer Lasers 240
7.8 Nitrogen Lasers 243
7.9 Chemical Lasers 243
7.10 Other Gas Lasers 246
7.11 What Have We Learned? 247
CHAPTER 8 Solid-State Lasers 253
8.1 What Is a Solid-State Laser? 253
8.2 Solid-State Laser Materials 258
8.3 Solid-State Laser Configurations 265
8.4 Major Solid-State Laser Materials 271
8.5 Optically Pumped Semiconductor Lasers 284
8.6 Broadband and Tunable Solid-State Lasers 288
8.7 Pulsed Solid-State Lasers 294
8.8 What Have We Learned? 295
CHAPTER 9 Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers 301
9.1 What Are Fiber Lasers? 301
9.2 Optical Fiber Structures 306
9.3 Fiber Laser Design and Efficiency 310
9.4 Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers 318
9.5 Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 328
9.6 Raman Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers 332
9.7 What Have We Learned? 335
CHAPTER 10 Diode and Other Semiconductor Lasers 341
10.1 Types of Semiconductor Lasers 341
10.2 Development of Diode Lasers 342
10.3 Semiconductor Basics 344
10.4 Comparing LED and Diode-Laser Emission 353
10.5 Confining Light and Current 359
10.6 Edge-Emitting Diode Lasers 370
10.7 Surface-Emitting Diode Lasers 375
10.8 Optical Properties of Diode Lasers 379
10.9 Diode-Laser Materials and Wavelengths 381
10.10 Quantum Cascade Lasers and Related Types 390
10.11 What Have We Learned? 393
CHAPTER 11 Other Lasers and Laser-Like Sources 399
11.1 Tunable Dye Lasers 399
11.2 Optical Parametric Sources 404
11.3 Supercontinuum Sources 408
11.4 Frequency Combs 408
11.5 Extreme Ultraviolet Sources 410
11.6 Free-Electron Lasers 416
11.7 What Have We Learned? 420
CHAPTER 12 Low-Power Laser Applications 425
12.1 Advantages of Laser Light 426
12.2 Reading with Lasers 433
12.3 Optical Disks and Data Storage 437
12.4 Laser Printing 440
12.5 Lasers in Fiber-Optic Communications 442
12.6 Laser Measurement 447
12.7 Laser Light Shows, Pointers, and Projection Displays 453
12.8 Low-Power Defense Applications 456
12.9 Sensing and Spectroscopy 459
12.10 Holography 464
12.11 Other Low-Power Applications 468
12.12 What Have We Learned? 469
CHAPTER 13 High-Power Laser Applications 475
13.1 High- Versus Low-Power Laser Applications 475
13.2 Attractions of High-Power Lasers 476
13.3 Important Considerations and Trends 477
13.4 Materials Working 481
13.5 Additive Manufacturing and Three-Dimensional Printing 489
13.6 Semiconductor Electronics Fabrication 491
13.7 Laser Medical Treatment 493
13.8 Photochemistry and Isotope Separation 501
13.9 Laser-Driven Nuclear Fusion 503
13.10 High-Energy Laser Weapons 505
13.11 What Have We Learned? 510
CHAPTER 14 Lasers in Research 515
14.1 Lasers Open New Opportunities 515
14.2 Laser Spectroscopy 516
14.3 Manipulating Tiny Objects 521
14.4 Atom Lasers and Bose¢"Einstein Condensates 522
14.5 Detection of Gravitational Waves 524
14.6 Laser Guide Stars for Astronomy 525
14.7 Slow Light 526
14.8 Nanoscale Lasers 527
14.9 Strange Lasers 529
14.10 Extreme Power Ultrashort Pulse Lasers 530
14.11 X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers 535
14.12 Other Emerging Research 536
14.13 What Have We Learned? 538
Answers to Quiz Questions 543
Appendix A: Laser Safety 547
Appendix B: Handy Numbers and Formulas 553
Appendix C: Resources and Suggested Readings 557
Glossary 561
Index 575
