| Introduction | p. 9 |
| Attachment and Caregiving | |
| What is Attachment? | p. 15 |
| An evolutionary perspective | p. 16 |
| The attachment behavioural system | p. 17 |
| Activation and termination of attachment behaviour | p. 17 |
| The development of attachment | p. 18 |
| Internal working models of attachment representations | p. 21 |
| Interplay between attachment and other behavioural systems | p. 21 |
| The exploratory behavioural system and the secure base | p. 22 |
| A safe or secure have | p. 22 |
| Summary | p. 23 |
| The Classifications of Attachment | p. 24 |
| Organised attachments | p. 25 |
| Disorganised attachment | p. 27 |
| From disorganised to controlling attachment behaviour | p. 29 |
| An alternative classification | p. 30 |
| The distribution of attachment patterns | p. 30 |
| Stability or predictability of attachment patterns | p. 32 |
| Summary | p. 36 |
| What are the Factors Influencing Attachment Organisation (and Disorganisation)? | p. 38 |
| The contribution of caregiving to attachment organisation | p. 38 |
| What is caregiving? | p. 38 |
| Empirical evidence for the role of the caregiver in determining organisation (or disorganisation) of attachment security | p. 41 |
| The role of the child's temperament and genetic factors in influencing attachment organisation | p. 46 |
| Temperament factors | p. 46 |
| Attachment and autism | p. 47 |
| Specific genes | p. 48 |
| The intergenerational transmission of attachment | p. 49 |
| The link between parental state of mind with respect to attachment and infant security | p. 50 |
| The link between parental state of mind with respect to attachment and parental sensitive responsiveness (B) | p. 51 |
| The link between parental sensitive responsiveness and infant attachment security (C) | p. 52 |
| The transmission gap | p. 52 |
| Bridging the transmission gap | p. 53 |
| Summary | p. 55 |
| Affectional Bonds and Attachment Figures | p. 56 |
| What are affectional bonds? | p. 56 |
| How is an attachment figure defined? | p. 59 |
| Are professional child-carers attachment figures? | p. 60 |
| How are the representations of multiple attachment figures structured? | p. 63 |
| Summary | p. 69 |
| Is Attachment Theory Valid across Cultures? | p. 71 |
| Ainsworth's Uganda study | p. 71 |
| The Gusii of Kenya | p. 72 |
| The Dogon of Mali | p. 72 |
| The Israeli Kibbutzim | p. 73 |
| The Hausa of Nigeria | p. 74 |
| The !Kung San of Botswana | p. 75 |
| The Efe or Pygmies of Zambia | p. 75 |
| The academic debate | p. 75 |
| Comments | p. 77 |
| Summary | p. 81 |
| Assessments of Attachment and Caregiving | |
| Introduction | p. 85 |
| Attachment | p. 85 |
| Caregiving | p. 86 |
| Structure for presentation of assessments | p. 87 |
| Glossary of research and statistical terms | p. 89 |
| Assessments of Attachment | p. 96 |
| Assessments of attachment based on observation of the child's behaviour | p. 96 |
| Separation-reunion procedure | p. 96 |
| Q-sort methodology | p. 105 |
| Assessments of attachment based on the child's internal working model/representation | p. 109 |
| Picture response tasks | p. 109 |
| Narrative Story Stem techniques (NSSTs) | p. 113 |
| Interview techniques | p. 124 |
| Assessments of Caregiving | p. 139 |
| Assessments based on observations of caregiving | p. 139 |
| Maternal Sensitivity Scales | p. 139 |
| The CARE-Index | p. 143 |
| Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE) | p. 145 |
| Caregiver Behavior Classification System | p. 147 |
| Assessments/ measures of caregiving based on the caregiver's internal working model/ representation of caregiving or relationship with the child | p. 150 |
| Parent Development Interview (PDI) | p. 150 |
| Experiences of Caregiving Interview | p. 152 |
| Correlates of Attachment Organisation with Functioning | |
| Which Domains of Functioning are Hypothesised to be Correlated with Attachment and What are the Possible Pathways of its Influence? | p. 159 |
| Which domains of functioning are hypothesised to be correlated with attachment? | p. 160 |
| What are the possible pathways of the influence of attachment? | p. 161 |
| Summary | p. 165 |
| Evidence for Correlations between Attachment Security/Insecurity and the Child's Functioning | p. 166 |
| Research issues | p. 166 |
| The evidence | p. 168 |
| Summary | p. 179 |
| What is Attachment Disorder? | |
| Two Versions of Attachment Disorder | p. 183 |
| International classifications | p. 183 |
| Another version | p. 184 |
| Summary | p. 187 |
| Research on Attachment Disorder | p. 188 |
| Issues regarding research methods | p. 188 |
| The evidence | p. 189 |
| Young children in residential nurseries in the UK and their later development | p. 190 |
| Children from Romanian orphanages adopted in Canada | p. 195 |
| Deprived children from Romania adopted in the UK | p. 200 |
| Children living in residential nurseries in Bucharest | p. 206 |
| US children in high-risk populations and maltreated children | p. 212 |
| Summary | p. 216 |
| The Nature of Attachment Disorder | p. 218 |
| No discriminated attachment figure | p. 218 |
| The nature of the difference between inhibited and disinhibited RAD | p. 220 |
| Alternative criteria for disorders of attachment | p. 223 |
| Disorganised and inhibited RAD | p. 225 |
| Reactive attachment disorder in children over the age of 5? | p. 225 |
| Summary | p. 227 |
| Attachment Theory-based Interventions (and Some that are Not) | |
| Introduction | p. 231 |
| Evidence-based Interventions: Enhancing Caregiver Sensitivity | p. 233 |
| Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn and Juffer (2003) 'Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood' | p. 234 |
| Cohen et al. (1999) 'Watch, wait and wonder: testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother-infant psychotherapy' | p. 239 |
| van den Boom (1994) 'The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: an experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants' | p. 241 |
| van den Boom (1995) 'Do first-year intervention effects endure? Follow-up during toddlerhood of a sample of Dutch irritable infants' | p. 242 |
| Benoit et al. (2001) 'Atypical maternal behavior toward feeding-disordered infants before and after intervention' | p. 243 |
| Toth et al. (2002) 'The relative efficacy of two interventions in altering maltreated preschool children's representational models: implications for attachment theory' | p. 245 |
| Marvin et al. (2002) 'The Circle of Security project: attachment-based intervention with caregiver-preschool dyads' | p. 248 |
| Summary | p. 250 |
| Evidence-based Interventions: Change of Caregiver | p. 252 |
| Rushton and Mayes (1997) 'Forming fresh attachments in childhood: a research update' | p. 252 |
| Dozier et al. (2001) 'Attachment for infants in foster care: the role of caregiver state of mind' | p. 254 |
| Steele et al. (2003a) 'Attachment representations and adoption: associations between maternal states of mind and emotion narratives in previously maltreated children' | p. 256 |
| Hodges et al. Changes in attachment representations over the first year (Hodges et al. 2003b) and second year (Hodges et al. 2005) of adoptive placement: narratives of maltreated children | p. 258 |
| Summary | p. 260 |
| Interventions with No Evidence Base | p. 261 |
| Direct intervention with the child | p. 261 |
| 'Attachment therapy' | p. 262 |
| Conclusions Regarding Interventions | p. 267 |
| References | p. 269 |
| Subject Index | p. 281 |
| Author Index | p. 286 |
| About FOCUS | p. 288 |
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