Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, Global Edition

Part 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass

1. Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations)
   • SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems
   • Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions
   • Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure
   • Conservation of Mass and Material Balances
   • Energy and Heat Units
   • Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances
   • Numerical Methods for Integration
   • Chapter Summary
2. Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Introduction
   • Fluid Statics
   • Chapter Summary
3. Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Viscosity of Fluids
   • Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number
   • Chapter Summary
4. Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation
   • Overall Energy Balance
   • Overall Momentum Balance
   • Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow
   • Chapter Summary
5. Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes
   • Compressible Flow of Gases
   • Measuring the Flow of Fluids
   • Chapter Summary
6. Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Flow Past Immersed Objects
   • Flow in Packed Beds
   • Flow in Fluidized Beds
   • Chapter Summary
7. Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment
   • Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements
   • Chapter Summary
8. Differential Equations of Fluid Flow
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Differential Equations of Continuity
   • Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion
   • Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion
   • Chapter Summary
9. Non-Newtonian Fluids
   • Chapter Objectives
   • Non-Newtonian Fluids
   • Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids
   • Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids
   • Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer
   • Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids
   • Chapter Summary
10. Potential Flow and Creeping Flow
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion
    • Stream Function
    • Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow)
    • Potential Flow and Velocity Potential
    • Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow
    • Chapter Summary
11. Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Boundary-Layer Flow
    • Turbulent Flow
    • Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis
    • Chapter Summary
12. Introduction to Heat Transfer
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Energy and Heat Units
    • Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances
    • Conduction and Thermal Conductivity
    • Convection
    • Radiation
    • Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials
    • Chapter Summary
13. Steady-State Conduction
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Conduction Heat Transfer
    • Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection
    • Conduction with Internal Heat Generation
    • Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors
    • Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions
    • Chapter Summary
14. Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Derivation of the Basic Equation
    • Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance
    • Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries
    • Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction
    • Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials
    • Differential Equation of Energy Change
    • Chapter Summary
15. Introduction to Convection
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer
    • Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer
    • Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes
    • Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection
    • Natural Convection Heat Transfer
    • Boiling and Condensation
    • Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids
    • Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients
    • Chapter Summary
16. Heat Exchangers
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Types of Exchangers
    • Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors
    • Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness
    • Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values
    • Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger
    • Chapter Summary
17. Heat Exchangers
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Types of Exchangers
    • Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors
    • Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness
    • Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values
    • Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger
    • Chapter Summary
18. Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts
    • Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles
    • Chapter Summary
19. Introduction to Mass Transfer
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion
    • Diffusion Coefficient
    • Convective Mass Transfer
    • Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction
    • Chapter Summary
20. Steady-State Mass Transfer
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Molecular Diffusion in Gases
    • Molecular Diffusion in Liquids
    • Molecular Diffusion in Solids
    • Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries
    • Diffusion in Biological Gels
    • Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State
    • Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions
    • Chapter Summary
21. Unsteady-State Mass Transfer
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Unsteady-State Diffusion
    • Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium
    • Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion
    • Chapter Summary
22. Convective Mass Transfer
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Convective Mass Transfer
    • Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer
    • Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries
    • Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles
    • Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients
    • Chapter Summary

Part 2: Separation Process Principles

23. Absorption and Stripping
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases
    • Introduction to Absorption
    • Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers
    • Design of Plate Absorption Towers
    • Design of Packed Towers for Absorption
    • Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers
    • Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers
    • Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers
    • Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption
    • Chapter Summary
24. Humidification Processes
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity
    • Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification
    • Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers
    • Chapter Summary
25. Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid-Liquid or Solid-Liquid Phase)
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction to Dead-End Filtration
    • Basic Theory of Filtration
    • Membrane Separations
    • Microfiltration Membrane Processes
    • Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes
    • Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes
    • Dialysis
    • Chapter Summary
26. Gaseous Membrane Systems
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Gas Permeation
    • Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes
    • Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures
    • Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes
    • Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes
    • Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes
    • Chapter Summary
27. Distillation
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Equilibrium Relations Between Phases
    • Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages
    • Simple Distillation Methods
    • Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe-Thiele and Lewis Methods
    • Tray Efficiencies
    • Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties
    • Fractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy-Concentration Method
    • Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures
    • Chapter Summary
28. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction to Liquid-Liquid Extraction
    • Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction
    • Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid-Liquid Extraction
    • Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction
    • Chapter Summary
29. Adsorption and Ion Exchange
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction to Adsorption Processes
    • Batch Adsorption
    • Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns
    • Ion-Exchange Processes
    • Chapter Summary
30. Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction to Crystallization
    • Crystallization Theory
    • Mechanical Size Reduction
    • Chapter Summary
31. Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Settling and Sedimentation in Particle-Fluid Separation
    • Centrifugal Separation Processes
    • Chapter Summary
32. Leaching
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction and Equipment for Liquid-Solid Leaching
    • Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching
    • Countercurrent Multistage Leaching
    • Chapter Summary
33. Evaporation
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods
    • Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators
    • Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators
    • Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators
    • Condensers for Evaporators
    • Evaporation of Biological Materials
    • Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression
    • Chapter Summary
34. Drying
    • Chapter Objectives
    • Introduction and Methods of Drying
    • Equipment for Drying
    • Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity
    • Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials
    • Rate-of-Drying Curves
    • Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period
    • Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period
    • Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period
    • Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow
    • Equations for Various Types of Dryers
    • Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials
    • Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials
    • Chapter Summary

Part 3: Appendixes

• Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors
• Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water
• Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
• Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials
• Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens
• Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data

• Notation
• Index