Transport Phenomena in Micro Process Engineering

By: Norbert Kockmann

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Hardcover | 11 October 2007

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386 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 2.54

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In this book, the fundamentals of chemical engineering are presented aiming to applications in micro system technology, microfluidics, and transport processes within microstructures. After a general overview on both disciplines and common areas, recent projects are shortly presented. The combination of different disciplines gives new opportunities in microfluidic devices and process intensification, respectively.

Special features of the book are the state of the art in micro process engineering, a detailed treatment of transport phenomena for engineers, a design methodology from transport effects to economic considerations, a detailed treatment of chemical reaction in continuous flow microstructured reactors, an engineering methodology to treat complex processes.

The book addresses researchers and graduate students in the field of chemical engineering, Microsystems engineering, and chemistry.

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Preface	p. VII
Contents	p. XII
Nomenclature	p. XIII
Micro Process Engineering - An Interdisciplinary Approach	p. 1
Introduction and Motivation	p. 1
Orientation of Micro Process Engineering	p. 2
The Role of Transport Processes	p. 3
Main Issues of Successful Microstructures	p. 9
Wall heat conductivity	p. 10
Pressure loss	p. 10
Corrosion, fouling, and catalyst deactivation	p. 12
Scaling dimensions and issues	p. 13
Material properties	p. 13
Processes	p. 16
Devices	p. 25
Actual Applications and Activities	p. 30
European activities	p. 30
Activities in the US	p. 33
Activities in the Far East	p. 34
Barriers and Challenges	p. 38
Fundamentals, Balances, and Transport Processes	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Unit Operations and Process Design	p. 43
Process simulation, scale-up, and equal-up	p. 43
Method of process, equipment, and plant design	p. 45
Design principles for process equipment	p. 50
Balances and Transport Equations	p. 52
Statistical mechanics and mean free path	p. 52
The Boltzmann equation and balance equations	p. 58
Macroscopic balance equations	p. 61
Elementary transport processes and their description	p. 65
Molecular velocities and macroscopic fluid properties	p. 68
Limits of linear transport properties	p. 71
Modeling, Calculation Methods, and Simulation	p. 73
Physical variables and dimensional analysis	p. 73
Similarity laws and scaling laws	p. 74
Order-of-magnitude analysis	p. 75
Lumped element modeling	p. 76
Numerical simulation and analytical modeling	p. 77
Future Directions of Micro Process Engineering Research	p. 78
Momentum Transfer	p. 81
Momentum Transport of Single-Phase Flow	p. 81
The momentum equation and force balance	p. 81
The energy equation for fluid dynamics	p. 83
Basic equations for long, small channels	p. 85
Compressible flow	p. 89
Viscous heating and entropy generation in channel flow	p. 92
Fluid dynamic entrance length	p. 96
Convective Fluid Dynamics in Microchannels	p. 97
Dean flow in 90° curves	p. 98
Fluid forces in bends	p. 100
Fluid dynamics in T-junctions with symmetric inlet conditions	p. 102
Flow regimes in T-shaped micromixers	p. 107
Multiphase Flow	p. 119
Gas-liquid flow patterns	p. 120
Two-phase pressure loss	p. 122
Contacting and phase separation	p. 123
Immiscible liquids	p. 125
Heat Transfer and Micro Heat Exchangers	p. 129
Heat Transfer Fundamentals	p. 129
The energy balance	p. 129
Heat conduction in small systems	p. 131
Convective heat transfer in microchannels	p. 134
Rarefied gases with slip boundary conditions	p. 136
Convective cooling for flow measurement	p. 139
Microfluidic Networks for Heat Exchange	p. 143
Status-quo of microfluidic networks for device cooling	p. 144
Single channel element calculation	p. 145
Combined channel elements	p. 148
Heat exchanger channel network	p. 149
Micro Heat Exchanger Devices	p. 152
Number-of-thermal-units (NTU) concept	p. 154
Design issues for exchange equipment	p. 156
Fouling and blocking of equipment	p. 159
Particle deposition in microchannels	p. 161
Diffusion, Mixing, and Mass Transfer Equipment	p. 163
Mixing Processes and Their Characterization	p. 163
Mixing principles and description	p. 164
Mixing characterization	p. 166
Potential of diffusive mixing	p. 168
Stoichiometric mixing and diffusion process	p. 169
Diffusive Mass Transport and Concentration Distribution in Fluids	p. 172
Convective Mass Transport	p. 174
Analogy between heat and mass transfer	p. 174
Mixing time scales and chemical reactions	p. 175
Characteristics of Convective Micromixers	p. 182
Mixing behavior in 90°bends	p. 183
Mixing behavior of T-shaped micromixers	p. 185
T-shaped micromixers and combinations	p. 190
Mixing times of convective micromixers	p. 193
Energy dissipation into mixing	p. 196
Mixing effectiveness	p. 198
Summary of Convective Micromixers	p. 202
Mixing and Chaotic Advection	p. 203
Concept of chaotic advection	p. 203
Geometry and flow regimes	p. 205
Fluid lamellae and chemical reactions	p. 207
Design and Fabrication of Silicon Micromixers	p. 209
Microstructured mixers for liquid phase precipitation	p. 211
Microstructured mixers for aerosol generation	p. 212
Microstructured mixers with two wafers	p. 214
High Throughput Mixing Devices with Microchannels	p. 215
Numerical simulation of mixing elements	p. 218
Experimental results and discussion	p. 220
Performance investigation	p. 223
Injection micromixers	p. 224
Chemical Reactions and Reactive Precipitation	p. 225
Chemical Reactor Engineering	p. 225
Heat and mass transfer with chemical reactions	p. 228
Characteristics of continuous flow reactors	p. 229
Temperature control in microchannel reactors	p. 233
Wall Mass Transfer and Surface Reactions in Microfluidic Systems	p. 236
Continuum transport model	p. 237
Physical meaning of dimensionless parameters	p. 240
Graetz problem and wall mass transfer	p. 240
Wall mass transfer in microchannel reactors	p. 242
Wall adsorption and saturation time scales	p. 244
Design Criteria for Microchannel Reactors	p. 248
Equipment design process	p. 248
Reaction kinetics and transport processes	p. 251
Heterogeneous catalytic reactions in microchannel reactors	p. 253
Scale-up and economic situation	p. 255
Scale-up method with equal-up principle	p. 258
Iodide-iodate reaction for selectivity engineering	p. 261
Competitive-consecutive reactions	p. 264
Microreactors for Aerosol Generation	p. 267
Nanoparticle generation	p. 267
Asymmetrical mixing in microchannels	p. 268
Experimental characterization of mixing regimes	p. 272
Aerosol generation by homogeneous condensation	p. 272
Mixing and Defined Precipitation in Liquid Phase	p. 275
Modeling and simulation of particle precipitation	p. 277
The population balance equation	p. 278
Precipitation in the interdiffusion zone	p. 280
Binary compound precipitation in convective micromixers	p. 282
Experimental investigations of barium sulfate precipitation	p. 286
Experimental investigation of pigment synthesis	p. 290
Coupled Transport Processes	p. 293
Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes	p. 294
Thermoelectric Energy Conversion	p. 297
Microscale thermoelectric energy conversion	p. 299
Design and fabrication of the generator	p. 301
Experimental characterization and discussion	p. 306
Thermocouples and microfluidic chips	p. 308
Electro-osmotic and Electro-kinetic Effects	p. 311
Thermodiffusion	p. 312
Design and fabrication of thermodiffusion devices	p. 312
Experimental investigations with thermodiffusion chips	p. 315
Improvement of thermodiffusion devices	p. 317
Knudsen pump	p. 318
Pressure Diffusion	p. 319
Conclusion and Final Remarks	p. 321
Color Figures	p. 323
References	p. 339
Index	p. 361
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Transport Phenomena in Micro Process Engineering

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