Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE TRAFFIC ENGINEERING HANDBOOK AND ITS ROLE IN EVOLVING PRACTICE 1
Anurag Pande, Ph.D. and Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE
I. Background 1
II. The Vision for This Edition 1
III. Organization of the Handbook 2
References 7
CHAPTER 2: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES TECHNIQUES FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT 9
John McFadden, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE, Seri Park, Ph.D., PTP, and David A. Petrucci, Jr., P.E., PTOE
I. Introduction 9
A. Background and Definitions Related to Statistics and Probability 9
B. Sampling Strategies 10
C. Types of Error 10
D. Variables 10
E. Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics 10
II. Descriptive Statistics 11
A. Graphs and Tables 11
B. Other Tools 12
C. Measures of Central Tendency 13
D. Measures of Dispersion 14
E. Measures of Position 16
F. Measures of Association: Correlation Analysis 17
III. Probability 18
A. Rules of Probability 18
IV. Probability Distributions 21
A. Discrete Probability Distributions 21
B. Negative Binomial (NB) Distribution 23
C. Continuous Probability Distributions 23
V. Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing 25
A. Estimating ð When ð Is Known 25
VI. Regression Modeling 27
A. Linear Regression 27
B. Multiple Linear Regression 28
VII. Financial Analysis and Engineering Economics 28
VIII. Fundamental Concepts in Engineering Economics 29
A. Time Value of Money, Interest, Interest Rate, Equivalence, Cash Flow, and Rate of Return 29
B. Benefit/Cost Analysis 33
C. Risk Management Principles Applied Using Financial Indicators/Metrics 38
D. Application of Engineering Economics in Traffic Engineering via Examples 41
IX. Before-and-After Studies 45
A. Overview 45
B. Data Considerations 46
C. Study Types 47
D. Summary 48
References 49
CHAPTER 3: ROAD USERS 51
Alison Smiley, Ph.D., CCPE and Robert E. Dewar, Ph.D., CCPE
I. Introduction 51
II. Basics 51
A. Fundamental Road User Characteristics and Limitations 51
B. The Driving Task Model 51
C. Vision 52
D. Attention and Information Processing 53
E. Visual Search 54
F. Perceptionâ"Reaction Time 56
G. Driver Expectation 58
H. Behavioral Adaptation 59
I. Driver Impairments 59
III. Types of Road Users 61
A. The Design Driver 61
B. Older Drivers 61
C. Novice Drivers 62
D. Truck Drivers 63
E. Motorcyclists 64
F. Pedestrians 65
G. Bicyclists 70
IV. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 73
A. Positive Guidance 73
B. Traffic Control Devices 74
C. Intersections and Roundabouts 79
D. Interchanges 83
E. Railroad Grade Crossings 83
F. Road Segments 86
G. Work Zones 90
V. Case Studies 92
A. Case Study 3-1: Placement of Guide Signs on Freeways 92
B. Design to Slow Drivers in a Transition Zone 92
VI. EMERGING TRENDS 94
A. Naturalistic Driving Studies as a Basis for Road Design 94
B. Context-Sensitive Solutions and the Role of Human Factors 95
C. Driver Assistance Systems 95
D. Human Factors and Safety Tools 95
E. Marijuana Legalization 97
VII. Further Information 97
Endnote 98
References 98
CHAPTER 4: TRAFFIC ENGINEERING STUDIES 109
Daniel J. Findley, Ph.D., P.E.
I. Introduction 109
II. Basic Principles and Guidance Resource 109
A. Data Collection Preparation 110
B. Data Collection Execution 111
C. Pitfalls of Field Data Collection 112
D. ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies 112
III. Professional Practice: Common Traffic Study Procedures 114
A. Volume Studies 114
B. Speed Studies 119
C. Intersection Studies 123
D. Safety Studies 131
IV. Emerging Trends 145
A. Data Collection 145
B. Data Applications 146
References 146
CHAPTER 5: LEVEL OF SERVICE CONCEPTS IN MULTIMODAL ENVIRONMENTS 149
Michael A. Carroll, P.E. and Ema C. Yamamoto, AICP
I. Introduction 149
II. Basics: Conceptual Foundations of Level of Service 150
A. The System Perspective 150
B. The User Perspective 151
III. Approaches to Level of Service and Performance Measures for Different Modes 151
A. Approaches to Auto Level of Service 151
B. Approaches to Transit Performance Measures 153
C. Approaches to Bicycle Performance Measures 154
D. Approaches to Pedestrian Performance Measures 155
IV. Multimodal Environments 156
A. The Modal Mix 157
V. Types of Multimodal Environments 158
A. Office and Retail Business Districts 159
B. Town Centers 159
C. Transit-Oriented Developments 159
D. Main Streets 159
E. Residential Multimodal Environments 160
F. Trail Corridors 160
G. Adapting Service Concepts to Multimodal Contexts 160
VI. Multimodal Level of Service Analysis 161
A. HCM 2010 Urban Streets Multimodal Level of Service Method 161
B. Practical Applications 161
VII. Challenges to Using MMLOS 165
A. When to Use Multimodal Level of Service 165
VIII. Case Studies 166
A. Case Study 5-1: Ashland, Oregon, Transportation System Plan 166
B. Case Study 5-2: Evaluating Traffic Design Using Multimodal LOS 167
C. Case Study 5-3: Multimodal Improvements and Economic Impact 170
IX. Emerging Trends 172
A. Alternatives to LOS Concepts 172
B. Simplified MMLOS 173
C. Multimodal Enhancements and Economic Impacts 174
D. Freight LOS 174
References 174
CHAPTER 6: FORECASTING TRAVEL DEMAND 177
David Kriger, P.Eng., MCIP, RPP
I. Introduction and Approach 177
A. Introduction 177
B. Definitions 177
C. Premise/Scope 178
D. Use 178
E. Organization of Chapter 179
II. Basic Principles 179
A. Common Applications of Forecasts 179
B. Overview of the Forecasting Process 180
C. Commercial Vehicle Forecasting 185
D. Externally Based Trips 185
E. Other Modeling Approaches 186
F. Forecasting Transportation Demand Management Impacts 186
G. Application of Forecasts to Traffic Impact Analyses 188
III. Professional Practice 190
A. Regulation 190
B. Applications to Transportation Engineering 190
C. Effective Practices and Common Pitfalls 192
IV. Case Studies 193
A. Policy Studies: Exploration of Pricing Schemes 193
B. Forecasting for Complete Streets 194
C. Applications to TIAs: A Multitiered Approach 195
D. Transportation Demand Management 196
V. Emerging Trends 197
A. Novel and Evolving Practices: New Modeling Approaches 197
B. Novel and Evolving Practices: Forecasting Active Transportation 198
C. Evidence from Recent Research 199
Endnotes 199
References 200
CHAPTER 7: TRAFFIC FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR UNINTERRUPTED FLOW FACILITIES 203
H. Gene Hawkins, Jr., Ph.D., P.E.
I. Introduction: Characterizing Traffic Flow for Analysis 203
II. Basics: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Performance Measurement 204
A. Flow or Traffic Volume 205
B. Speed 215
C. Density 217
III. Professional Practice: Measuring Traffic Characteristics 217
IV. Traffic Flow Relationships for Uninterrupted Flow 218
A. Fundamental Model for Uninterrupted Traffic Flow 218
B. Actual Representation of Uninterrupted Traffic Flow 223
V. Traffic Shock Waves 224
VI. Measuring Traffic Characteristics at Bottlenecks 225
VII. Quality of Service on Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities 226
VIII. Case Studies 227
A. Case Study 7-1: Shock Wave 227
B. Case Study 7-2: Quality of Service 229
References 232
CHAPTER 8: DESIGN AND OPERATIONS OF ROAD SEGMENTS AND INTERCHANGES IN RURAL AREAS 235
Reza Omrani, Ph.D., Ali Hadayeghi, P.Eng., Ph.D., and Brian Malone, P.Eng., PTOE
I. Basic Principles and Reference Sources 235
II. Professional Practice 236
A. Introduction 236
B. Design Control and Criteria 236
C. Design Elements 241
D. Road Safety Management Process 254
E. Signs, Markings, and Traffic Safety Devices 262
F. Lighting 267
G. Effective Practices 267
H. Challenges for Rural Transportation Planning 272
III. Case Studies 273
A. Case Study I: Context-Sensitive Design 273
B. Case Study II: Safety Effectiveness Evaluation 274
C. Case Study III: Road Safety Audit 275
IV. Emerging Trends 276
A. IHSDM Design Consistency Module 276
B. Strategic Highway Research Program 278
C. ITS ePrimer 278
D. Traffic Incident Management 279
E. Green Highway 279
References 280
CHAPTER 9: PLANNING, DESIGN, AND OPERATIONS OF ROAD SEGMENTS AND INTERCHANGES IN URBAN AREAS 283
Mark Doctor, P.E., Patrick Hasson, P.E., Hillary Isebrands, Ph.D., P.E., and John McFadden, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE
I. Introduction 283
A. Essential Reference Material 284
II. Basic Principles 285
A. General Definitions 285
B. Roadway Segments 286
C. Urban Interchange Types and Characteristics 287
D. Design Consistency 292
E. General Interchange Design Considerations 294
III. Professional Practice 298
A. Regulation 298
B. Safety 299
C. Environment 299
D. Current and Effective Practices 299
E. Modeling and Simulation 303
F. Common Pitfalls 305
IV. Case Studies 306
A. Case Study 9-1: Applying Innovative Interchange Designs, Bloomington, Minnesota 306
B. Case Study 9-2: Applying Collectorâ"Distributor Lanes for Operational Improvements, DeKalb County, Georgia 307
C. Case Study 9-3: Urban Diamond Interchange, Interstate 57 at Illinois Route 50 in Kankakee, Illinois 308
D. Case Study 9-4: Active Traffic Management, Interstate 5, Seattle, Washington 310
E. Case Study 9-5: Roundabouts at Interchanges, I-70 and Pecos Street, Denver, Colorado 311
F. Case Study 9-6: Simulation Modeling to Evaluate Design Alternatives 313
G. Case Study 9-7: Integrated Approach for Express Toll Lane Modeling on I-95 in South Florida 315
V. Emerging Trends 318
A. Active Transportation and Demand Management 318
References 319
CHAPTER 10: DESIGN AND CONTROL FOR INTERRUPTED TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH INTERSECTIONS 321
Anurag Pande, Ph.D., and Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE
I. Basic Principles 321
A. Fundamentals of Multimodal Intersections 321
II. Professional Practice 325
A. Multimodal Intersection Design and Safety 325
B. Control of Multimodal Intersections 335
C. Developing a Signal Timing Plan 346
D. Signal Progression and Coordination 352
E. Intersection Capacity and Performance Measurement Concepts 353
F. Roundabouts: Operational Considerations 356
III. Case Studies 358
A. Case Study 10-1: Evaluation of Engineering Countermeasures for Red-Light Running 358
B. Case Study 10-2: Roundabout in Scott County, Minnesota 359
C. Case Study 10-3: Smart Traffic Signal System, Reston, Virginia 359
IV. Emerging Trends 360
A. Signalization for Pedestrians and Bicyclists 360
B. Unconventional Intersection Designs 361
V. Conclusions 363
Endnotes 364
References 364
Further Information 365
CHAPTER 11: DESIGN AND OPERATION OF COMPLETE STREETS AND INTERSECTIONS 367
Jeffrey R. Riegner, P.E., AICP, PTOE
I. Basic Principles 367
A. Fundamentals of Complete Streets 367
B. Interrupted Traffic Flow on Urban Streets 367
C. Selection of Performance Measures 368
D. Context Zones 369
E. Context-Sensitive Solutions 369
F. Design for All Users: Modal Balance or Priority 371
II. Professional Practice 371
A. Design Controls and Criteria 371
B. Complete Streets Design Process 378
C. Streetside Design 379
D. Intersection Design and Operations 381
E. Midblock Crossings 387
F. Multiway Boulevards 387
G. Modal Priority Streets 387
III. Case Studies 388
A. US Route 62, Hamburg, New York 388
B. West Jefferson Streetscape Project, Ashe County, North Carolina 390
C. 300 South, Salt Lake City, Utah 391
IV. Emerging Trends 393
A. Composite or Prioritized Level of Service Measures 393
B. Shared Space 394
C. Tactical Urbanism 394
References 396
Further Information 397
CHAPTER 12: ACCESS MANAGEMENT 399
Vergil G. Stover, Ph.D., P.E. and Kristine M. Williams, AICP
I. Introduction 399
II. Basic Principles 400
A. Provide a Specialized Roadway (Circulation) System 401
B. Intersection Hierarchy 405
C. Traffic Signal Spacing and Operation 405
D. Preserving Intersection Functional Area 407
E. Limiting Conflict Points 409
F. Separating Conflict Areas 410
G. Removing Turning Vehicles from Through-Traffic Lanes 411
III. Benefits of Access Management 415
A. Safety 415
B. Operations 417
C. Economic Effects 420
D. Aesthetics 420
IV. Professional Practice 421
A. Compatibility with Multimodal Objectives 421
B. Programs and Guidelines 422
C. Policies and Regulations 424
D. Common Pitfalls 427
E. Public Involvement 428
V. Case Studies 429
Case Study 12-1: Bridgeport Wayâ"University Place, Washington 430
VI. Emerging Trends 432
VII. Conclusion 433
References 434
CHAPTER 13: PARKING 437
Mary S. Smith, P.E. and Randall W. Carwile, P.E.
I. Introduction . 437
II. Basic Principles and Fundamentals 437
A. Regulatory Considerations and Design Resources 437
B. Types of Parking 439
C. Cost of Parking 442
D. User Considerations 443
E. Wayfinding 444
F. Design Vehicle for Parking Facilities 445
G. Arenât Cars Getting Smaller? 447
III. Professional Practice 448
A. Parking Demand Management 448
B. Parking Layout Terminology 450
C. Parking Geometrics 452
D. On-Street Parking 456
E. Off-Street Facilities 461
F. Multimodal Considerations 470
G. Motorcycle and Bicycle Considerations 470
H. Pedestrian Considerations 472
I. Walking Distance 473
J. Accessibility 473
K. Safety 478
L. Signs 485
IV. Case Studies 487
A. Case Study 13-1: Eliminating Gridlock in a Parking Garage 487
B. Case Study 13-2: SFpark 489
V. Emerging Trends 490
A. Alternate Fuel Vehicles 490
B. Automated Mechanical Parking Facilities 493
C. Mobile Parking Apps 496
D. Self-Driving Vehicles 496
Endnotes 497
References.498
CHAPTER 14: TRAFFIC CALMING 501
Jeff Gulden, P.E., PTOE and Joe De La Garza, P.E.
I. Basic Principles and Reference Sources 501
A. Definition 501
B. Previous Documents 502
II. Professional Practice 503
A. Purpose of Traffic Calming 503
B. Process of Neighborhood Traffic Calming 504
C. Other Uses of Traffic Calming in Cities 508
D. Neighborhood Traffic-Calming Program Updates 511
III. Toolbox 511
A. Nonphysical Measures 512
B. Speed Control Measuresâ"Vertical 516
C. Speed Control Measuresâ"Horizontal 518
D. Volume Control Measures 520
E. Signs and Markings 522
F. Design 527
G. Other Considerations 532
IV. Case Studies 537
A. Case Study 14-1: College Terrace Neighborhood, Palo Alto, California 537
B. Case Study 14-2: Kihapai Street, Kailua, Hawaii 537
V. Emerging Trends 538
A. Speed Kidney 538
B. Low-Stress Bikeway Networks 538
C. Bicycle Boulevard 538
D. Public Interest 539
References 539
Further Information 540
CHAPTER 15: WORK ZONE MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC AND CONSTRUCTION STAGING 541
Robert K. Seyfried, President
I. Basic Principles 541
II. Professional Practice 544
A. Transportation Management Plans 544
B. Temporary Traffic Control Strategies 547
C. Transportation Operations Strategies 558
D. Public Information Strategies 559
III. Implementing the Transportation Management Plan 561
A. Staging of Construction 562
B. Geometrics of Temporary Roadways 563
C. Traffic Control Devices 571
D. Implementation of Traffic Control Plan 575
E. Operational Reviews and Revisions to the Traffic Control Plan 575
F. Detour Planning and Operations 576
G. Contingency Plans 79
IV. Other Practice Issues 579
A. Speed Management and Enforcement 579
B. Training of Personnel 581
C. Pedestrian Accommodation 582
D. Bicycle Accommodation 585
E. Incident Management in Work Zones 86
F. Public Communication and Outreach Strategies 587
V. Case Studies 588
A. Case Study 15-1: ITS Applications 588
B. Case Study 15-2: Contracting Strategies for Expedited Construction 590
C. Case Study 15-3: Effective Public Communications 591
VI. Emerging Trends 592
A. Rapid Construction Techniques and Incentives 592
B. Contracting Strategies 593
C. Innovations in Work Zone Traffic Management 594
Endnotes 595
References.596
CHAPTER 16: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FOR PLANNED, UNPLANNED, AND EMERGENCY EVENTS 599
Deborah Matherly, AICP, Pamela Murray-Tuite, Ph.D., and Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE
I. Basic Principles 599
II. Professional Practice 601
A. Regulation 601
B. Key Stakeholder Relationships 604
C. Safety and Program Planning for Transportation Incidents and Events 606
D. Environment 608
III. Current Practice 611
A. Planned Special Events 613
B. Larger-Scale Emergency Events 614
C. Operational Strategies 618
D. Effective Practices for Addressing Needs of All Users 621
E. Modeling and Simulation 623
IV. Common Pitfalls 625
V. Case Studies 625
A. Case Study 16-1: Planned Long-Notice Emergency Event: Multimodal Regional Evacuation 625
B. Case Study 16-2: Planned Special Events: The 2009 Presidential Inaugural 628
C. Case Study 16-3: No-Notice Evacuation Modeling Support for Northern Virginia 630
VI. Emerging Trends 632
A. Novel and Emerging Practices 632
B. Evidence from Recent Research 633
References 634
Index 637
