Towards Digital Optical Networks

COST Action 291 Final Report

By: Ioannis Tomkos (Editor), Maria Spyropoulou (Editor), Karin Ennser (Editor)

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COST - the acronym for European COoperation in Science and Technology - is the oldest and widest European intergovernmental network for cooperation in - search. Established by the Ministerial Conference in November 1971, COST is presently used by the scientific communities of 35 European countries to coop- ate in common research projects supported by national funds. The funds provided by COST - less than 1% of the total value of the projects - support the COST cooperation networks (COST Actions) through which, with â¬ 30 million per year, more than 30,000 European scientists are involved in - search having a total value which exceeds â¬ 2 billion per year. This is the financial worth of the European added value which COST achieves. A "bottom up approach" (the initiative of launching a COST Action comes from the European scientists themselves), " la carte participation" (only countries interested in the Action participate), "equality of access" (participation is open also to the scientific communities of countries not belonging to the European - ion) and "flexible structure" (easy implementation and light management of the research initiatives) are the main characteristics of COST.

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Introduction	p. 1

Introduction (Part I)	p. 5
Novel Transponder Interfaces: Novel Modulation Formats	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Transmission of 8-Level 240 Gb/s RZ-DQPSK-ASK	p. 9
Four Bits per Symbol 16-ary Transmission Experiments	p. 11
Optical Rate Conversion Units	p. 13
Optical Packet Compression and Expansion	p. 13
Optical Compression/Expansion Loop	p. 14
Optical Delay Line Structure	p. 15
Scalable Packet Compression/Expansion Units	p. 17
Transmission Efficiency	p. 20
References	p. 21
Electronic Channel Equalization Techniques	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Electronic Equalizers	p. 24
Fundamental Limits of MLSE Performance with Large Number of States	p. 27
No PD-Filter, 8 Samples/Bit	p. 28
With PD-Filter, 2 Samples/Bit	p. 29
Large Optical Filter, 2 Samples/Bit	p. 30
Large Optical Filter, 1 Sample/Bit	p. 30
Compensation of SPM Using MLSE	p. 31
Nonlinear Electrical Equalization for Different Modulation Formats	p. 33
Introduction of NL-FFE-DFE	p. 34
System Setups and Parameters	p. 35
EDC Performance for Different Modulation Formats	p. 37
Optical Single Sideband Modulation	p. 41
Compensation of Optical Dispersion	p. 41
Reduction of Nonlinear Transmission Effects	p. 42
Enhancing the Performance DML Transmitters	p. 43
Conclusions	p. 45
References	p. 45
Optical Signal Processing Techniques for Signal Regeneration and Digital Logic	p. 49
Optical Regeneration and Wavelength Conversion	p. 49
640 Gbit/s Wavelength Conversion Based on XPM in HNLF	p. 49
Wavelength Conversion and Regeneration Based on Supercontinuum Generation	p. 53
Multi-Wavelength Conversion at 10 Gb/s and 40 GHz Using a Hybrid Integrated SOA Mach-Zehnder Interferometer	p. 58
All-Optical Multi-Wavelength Regeneration Based on Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers for High Bit Rates	p. 63
Optoelectronic Clock Recovery, Retiming and OTDM Demultiplexing	p. 66
320 Gbit/s Clock Transmission and Channel Identification	p. 66
Filtering-Assisted Cross-Phase Modulation in a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Enabling 320 Gb/s Clock Recovery	p. 70
640 Gbit/s Data Transmission and Clock Recovery Using an Ultra-Fast Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Device	p. 74
All-Optical Clock Extraction Circuit Based on a Mode-Locked Ring Laser Comprising SOA and FP Filter	p. 77
OTDM Demux Based on Induced Modulation on an Auxiliary Carrier by Means of Super-Continuum Generation	p. 80
160 Gb/s Retiming Using Rectangular Pulses Generated Using a Superstructured Fibre Bragg Grating	p. 86
Timing Jitter Tolerant 640 Gb/s Demultiplexing Using a Long-Period Fibre Grating-Based Flat-Top Pulse Shaper	p. 90
References	p. 94
Evolution of Optical Access Networks	p. 97
Introduction: FTTX Developments	p. 97
FTTX Architectures	p. 99
Current Standard PON Deployment Worldwide	p. 101
Emerging Standards for 100 Gbit Ethernet Access and Beyond	p. 101
Introduction - Why Higher Speed Ethernet?	p. 101
100 Gbit Ethernet Challenges	p. 102
Transparent Optical Transmission For 100 Gbit Ethernet	p. 103
Future Directions	p. 104
Interoperability of TDM and WDM PONs	p. 104
Introduction	p. 104
Network Architecture	p. 104
Network Routing Performance	p. 105
Conclusions	p. 107
3G Radio Distribution over Fibre	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Optical Wireless for Last Mile Access	p. 110
Introduction	p. 110
FSO Networks	p. 111
Propagation Results	p. 112
Conclusions	p. 114
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Protocols over GPONs	p. 114
Introduction	p. 114
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Protocols	p. 115
Conclusions	p. 117
Innovative Architecture and Control Plane for Metro-Access Convergence	p. 117
Motivation for Metro-Access Convergence	p. 117
Unified Metro-Access Networks Criteria	p. 117
A Few Examples of Unified Metro-Access Networks (UMAN)	p. 118
The Success + Network	p. 119
The Success + Network Topology	p. 120
The Success + UMAN Control Plane	p. 120
Conclusion	p. 121
Protection Schemes for PONs	p. 121
Evolution of PON Protection Schemes	p. 121
Recent PON Protection Architectures	p. 122
Hybrid WDM/TDM PON	p. 123
Reliability Performance Evaluation	p. 124
References	p. 126
Novel Switch Architectures	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Application of Quantum-Dot SOAs for the Realization of All-Optical Buffer Architectures up to 160 Gb/s	p. 136
Multiwavelength Optical Buffers	p. 142
New Buffer Architectures	p. 142
Scheduling Algorithms	p. 143
Performance Evaluation	p. 145
Multi-Stage Optical Switches with Optical Recirculation Buffers	p. 146
The Switching Fabric Architecture	p. 146
Scheduling Algorithms for the Single-Stage Shared FDL Switch	p. 148
Scheduling Algorithms for the Three-Stage Shared FDL Optical Clos-Network Switch	p. 149
Simulation Experiments	p. 150
Optical Asynchronous Packet Switch Architectures	p. 152
All-Optical Buffer Technologies	p. 152
Node Architectures	p. 154
Performance Evaluation	p. 156
Conclusions	p. 157
References	p. 158
Future Outlook (Part I)	p. 161

Introduction (Part II)	p. 165
Cross-Layer Optimization Issues for Realizing Transparent Mesh Optical Networks	p. 167
An Impairment Aware Networking Approach for Transparent Mesh Optical Networks	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
Transparent Optical Network Challenges	p. 168
Proposed Approach	p. 169
Mutual Impact of Physical Impairments and Traffic Grooming Capable Nodes with Limited Number of O/E/O	p. 176
Motivation	p. 176
Modelling the Physical Layer Impairments	p. 177
The Routing Model	p. 179
Simulation Results	p. 181
Conclusion	p. 187
References	p. 187
Performance Issues in Optical Burst/Packet Switching	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
OBS/OPS Performance	p. 192
Introduction and State-of-the-Art	p. 192
On the Use of Balking for Estimation of the Blocking Probability for OBS Routers with FDL Lines	p. 193
A Performance Comparison of Synchronous Slotted OPS Switches	p. 196
A Performance Comparison of OBS and OpMiGua Paradigms	p. 197
Burstification Mechanisms	p. 201<$$$&
Delay-Throughput Curves for Timer-Based OBS Burstifiers with Light Load	p. 203
Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Burst Assembly Algorithms in OBS Networks with Self-Similar Traffic Sources	p. 206
QoS Provisioning	p. 209
Introduction and State-of-the-Art	p. 209
Performance Overview of QoS Mechanisms in OBS Networks	p. 211
Evaluation of Preemption Probabilities in OBS Networks with Burst Segmentation	p. 214
Routing Algorithms	p. 216
Introduction and State-of-the-Art	p. 216
Optimization of Multi-Path Routing in Optical Burst Switching Networks	p. 218
TCP over OBS Networks	p. 220
Introduction and State-of-the-Art	p. 220
Burst Reordering Impact on TCP over OBS Networks	p. 221
Conclusions	p. 227
References	p. 228
Multi-layer Traffic Engineering (MTE) in Grooming Enabled ASON/GMPLS Networks	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
Routing and Grooming in Multi-layer Networks	p. 238
Basic Schemes	p. 239
Adaptive Integrated Multi-layer Routing	p. 239
Simulation Study	p. 242
Improvements for Multi-layer Routing and Grooming Schemes	p. 246
Online Optimization at Connection Teardown	p. 247
Admission Control for Improving Fairness	p. 248
Evaluation of Traffic and Network Patterns	p. 249
References	p. 251
Network Resilience in Future Optical Networks	p. 253
Introduction	p. 253
Terminology	p. 254
Basic Resilience Techniques and Failure Management	p. 256
Resilient Network Performance Improvement, Evaluation Methods and Parameters	p. 257
Availability Calculation in Optical Network	p. 257
Recovery Time	p. 262
Network Performance Improvement through Differentiated Survivability	p. 264
Security Issues in Transparent Optical Networks	p. 270
Multilayer Resilience	p. 272
Single Layer Recovery in Multilayer Networks	p. 273
Interworking between Layers	p. 275
Multilayer Survivability Strategies	p. 278
Logical Topology Design	p. 281
Conclusions	p. 282
References	p. 283
Optical Storage Area Networks	p. 285
Introduction	p. 285
Storage Area Networks (SANS)	p. 286
Data Mirroring Techniques	p. 287
Network Architectures	p. 287
Proposed Mirroring Technique	p. 290
Performance Evaluation	p. 291
Single Section Ring Architecture	p. 291
Two Sections Ring Architecture	p. 299
Conclusions	p. 301
References	p. 302
Future Outlook (Part II)	p. 303

Introduction (Part III)	p. 307
Software Tools and Methods for Modelling Physical Layer Issues	p. 309
Modelling of Optoelectronic Components (Lasers and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers)	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
Frequency-Domain Approaches	p. 309
Time-Domain Models	p. 310
Lumped-Element Models	p. 311
Distributed Time-Domain Models	p. 312
Modeling of Hybrid Mode-Locked Lasers	p. 313
Modelling of Travelling-Wave Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers	p. 314
Simulation Tool MOVE-IT	p. 317
Numerical Models for Simulation of Transient Effect in Raman Fibre Amplifiers	p. 320
Split-Step-Fourier-Method in Modeling of WDM Links	p. 325
Pre-simulated Local Errors S-SSMF	p. 326
Results	p. 327
Conclusions	p. 328
References	p. 329
Software Tools and Methods for Research and Education in Optical Networks	p. 331
Models and Simulations	p. 331
Modelling	p. 332
Simulation Techniques	p. 333
Simulation and Model Verification	p. 334
Summary on Modelling	p. 334
Tool Integration Perspectives	p. 335
Integration: Definitions	p. 336
Obstacles to Integration and Possible Diversions	p. 337
Conclusions and Future Outlook	p. 338
Modelling with OPNET: A Practical Example	p. 339
OPNET Domains	p. 339
The OPNET Project Editor	p. 340
Developing Models with OPNET: Conclusion	p. 343
Simulation of ASON/GMPLS Using OMNET++ Simulator	p. 344
The OMNET Simulator and the INET Framework	p. 345
IP/MPLS over ASON/GMPLS Simulator	p. 347
Conclusions	p. 349
WDM Network Planning: The MatPlanWDM Tool	p. 350
Distinctions Between Planning Problems	p. 350
Integrated Tool	p. 352
Extension of the Tool	p. 352
The Javanco Environment	p. 354
History and Predecessors	p. 354
General Architecture	p. 355
Utilisations	p. 359
Future Developments and Conclusion	p. 359
IKR Simulation Library	p. 359
Conceptual Structure	p. 360
Libraries	p. 361
Application of the Simulation Library	p. 361
Summary	p. 362
References	p. 362
Future Outlook (Part III)	p. 365
Future Outlook	p. 367
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Towards Digital Optical Networks

COST Action 291 Final Report

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