Topics in Current Genetics

By: Ralph Bock (Editor)

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Hardcover | 19 October 2007

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548 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 3.18

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The present book provides a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on plastid biogenesis, plastid-nuclear communication, and the regulation of plastid gene expression at all levels. It also assesses the state-of-the-art in key technologies, such as proteomics and chloroplast transformation. Written by recognized experts in the field, the book further covers crucial post-translational processes in plastid biogenesis and function, including protein processing.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews: "As the title suggests, the emphasis of the book is on molecular aspects of plastid biology. ! this volume gives an excellent overview of the progress and current status of molecular studies on plastids, particularly on chloroplast. The book is recommended for all plant molecular biologists, primarily for those working in plastid biology, photosynthesis, and biotechnology." (M. Tichy, Photosynthetica, Vol. 46 (3), 2008)

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Science Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Genetics excluding Medical Molecular Biology Engineering & Technology Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Medicine Clinical & Internal Medicine Endocrinology

Botany & Plant Sciences Cellular Biology Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology

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Published: 22nd October 2010

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Plastid biogenesis and differentiation	p. 1
Abstract	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Proplastids	p. 2
The morphology and structure of different plastid types	p. 3
Chloroplast structure and morphology	p. 4
Amyloplast structure and morphology	p. 6
Chromoplast structure and morphology	p. 8
Leucoplasts and root plastids	p. 11
Other types of storage plastids	p. 12
The control of plastid differentiation	p. 13
Plastid interconversions	p. 14
Plastid division	p. 16
Stromules	p. 19
Conclusion	p. 20
Acknowledgement	p. 21
References	p. 21
Structure, function, and inheritance of plastid genomes	p. 29
Abstract	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Physical properties of plastid genomes	p. 35
Copy number of plastid genomes	p. 35
Organization of plastid genomes in nucleoids	p. 36
Structural conformations of plastid genomes	p. 37
Fine structure of plastid genomes	p. 38
Inverted repeats and single-copy regions	p. 38
Information content of plastid genomes	p. 39
Inheritance of plastid genomes	p. 45
Maternal inheritance	p. 47
Biparental inheritance	p. 50
Paternal inheritance	p. 51
Paternal leakage	p. 51
Biotechnological implications of plastid inheritance	p. 52
Acknowledgement	p. 53
References	p. 53
List of abbreviations	p. 63
DNA replication, recombination, and repair in plastids	p. 65
Abstract	p. 65
The importance of DNA replication, recombination, and repairpathways in plastids	p. 65
Proteins and DNA targets of plastid DNA-RRR pathways	p. 67
Plastid DNA polyploidy, packaging, and segregation	p. 67
Plastid DNA copy number	p. 67
Packaging of plastid DNA	p. 69
Segregation of plastid genomes	p. 70
Topological forms of plastid DNA	p. 70
Linear hairpin DNA molecules in plastids	p. 74
Linear plastid DNA molecules with discrete ends in WT plastids	p. 75
A replicon model for plastid genome maintenance	p. 77
Replication origins mapped to the large inverted repeat	p. 77
Replication origins located in the single copy regions	p. 80
Maintenance of small DNA molecules in plastids	p. 81
Deletion mapping delimits DNA sequences capable of self-replication in plastids	p. 82
A recombination-dependent DNA replication model of plastid DNA	p. 82
DNA recombination in plastids	p. 84
Integration of foreign genes by homologous recombination	p. 86
Homologous recombination between short DNA repeats	p. 88
Recombination and plastid genome stability	p. 92
Homeologous recombination in plastids	p. 93
Replication slippage in plastids	p. 94
DNA repair in plastids	p. 96
Identification of proteins involved in plastid DNA RRR-pathways	p. 97
Plastid DNA polymerases	p. 98
DNA primase activities in plastids	p. 100
Plastid localised RecA	p. 100
DNA topoisomerases	p. 101
DNA helicases	p. 103
Identifying DNA-RRR proteins by complementation of E. coli mutants	p. 103
Conclusions and outlook	p. 105
Acknowledgement	p. 107
References	p. 107
List of abbreviations	p. 119
Transcription and transcriptional regulation in plastids	p. 121
Abstract	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
RNA polymerases	p. 122
NEP: nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase	p. 122
PEP: plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase	p. 128
Plastidial Promoters	p. 129
NEP promoters	p. 129
PEP promoters	p. 132
Internal promoters of tRNAs	p. 133
Regulation of transcription in plastids	p. 133
Role of multiple and diverse promoters	p. 135
Transcription factors involved in promoter recognition in plastids	p. 139
Exogenous and endogenous factors controlling plastidialtranscription	p. 148
Acknowledgement	p. 154
References	p. 154
Processing, degradation, and polyadenylation of chloroplast transcripts	p. 175
Abstract	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
The enzymes of RNA degradation and maturation	p. 177
Endoribonucleases	p. 177
Exoribonucleases	p. 181
Polyadenylation	p. 185
Historical perspective on polyadenylation	p. 185
The polyadenylation-stimulated degradation pathway in bacteria	p. 186
PNPase as the major polyadenylating enzyme: variations from E. coli	p. 187
Polyadenylation in the chloroplast	p. 189
RNA maturation	p. 191
5' end maturation	p. 191
Intercistronic processing	p. 192
Non-coding RNAs	p. 195
Regulatory factors	p. 195
Mutations affecting single chloroplast loci	p. 196
Pleiotropic mutations	p. 197
The PPR/TPR protein superfamilies	p. 198
Conclusions	p. 198
Acknowledgements	p. 199
References	p. 199
RNA splicing and RNA editing in chloroplasts	p. 213
Abstract	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Plastid RNA splicing	p. 213
Intron classes and splicing mechanisms	p. 214
Intron distribution	p. 215
Proteins involved in the splicing of chloroplast introns	p. 216
The regulation of chloroplast RNA splicing	p. 223
Perspective	p. 225
Plastid RNA editing	p. 226
Editing sites impact protein function	p. 227
Mechanism of RNA editing	p. 227
cis-elements involved in plastid RNA editing	p. 230
rans-factors involved in plastid RNA editing	p. 232
Models for the editosome	p. 234
Function and evolution of plastid RNA editing	p. 236
Perspectives	p. 238
Acknowledgement	p. 238
References	p. 238
Translation and transnational regulation in chloroplasts	p. 249
Abstract	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Chloroplast translation machinery	p. 251
Mechanisms of translation initiation	p. 253
Translation initiation regulation - intricate interplay between cis- and trans-acting elements	p. 258
Cis-elements in chloroplast 5'UTRs	p. 258
Structural elements in 5'UTRs	p. 259
General and specific translation factors	p. 260
Multiple proteins interact with single mRNA	p. 261
Translation regulation examples	p. 262
Translation regulation of D1 synthesis	p. 262
Negative feedback loops: assembly-controlled regulation of translation	p. 265
Regulation of translation elongation	p. 266
Interactions of 5' and 3' ends of chloroplast mRNA	p. 267
Subchloroplast location of translation	p. 268
Concluding remarks	p. 269
Acknowledgement	p. 270
References	p. 271
Assembly of protein complexes in plastids	p. 283
Abstract	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Assembly of the protein complexes	p. 284
Assembly of PSII	p. 284
Assembly of the PSI complex	p. 293
Assembly of the Cyt b₆f complex	p. 295
Assembly of soluble complexes	p. 296
Insertion of proteins to the thylakoid membrane - thylakoidtranslocase complexes and chaperones	p. 297
Thylakoid translocases	p. 297
Chaperones	p. 299
Posttranslational modifications of chloroplast proteins	p. 300
N-terminal methionine excision	p. 300
Protein phosphorylation	p. 301
Concluding remarks	p. 302
Acknowledgements	p. 302
References	p. 303
Protein stability and degradation in plastids	p. 315
Abstract	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
Major chloroplast proteases	p. 316
Clp protease	p. 317
FtsH protease	p. 319
Lon protease	p. 321
Deg protease	p. 322
Intramembrane proteases	p. 322
Proteolytic processes in chloroplasts and the enzymes involved	p. 323
Maturation of pre-proteins	p. 323
Adaptation to changing light intensities	p. 325
Protein quality control	p. 325
Oxidatively damaged proteins	p. 327
Other functions	p. 328
Nutrient stress and senescence	p. 328
Thermotolerance	p. 329
Identification of specific substrates	p. 329
Determinants of protein instability	p. 329
Future prospects	p. 330
Acknowledgement	p. 331
References	p. 332
Protein import into plastids	p. 339
Abstract	p. 339
Plastids	p. 339
Plastid biogenesis	p. 340
Chloroplast targeting signals	p. 340
Structure of transit peptides	p. 341
Energy requirements of in vitro chloroplast protein import	p. 341
Precursor protein recognition at the chloroplast surface	p. 341
The early translocation intermediate	p. 341
The late translocation intermediate	p. 342
Identification of components of the translocation machinery	p. 343
Components of the Toc complex	p. 343
Components of the Tic complex	p. 346
Regulation at the Toc and Tic complexes	p. 349
GTP-regulated protein recognition at the Toc complex	p. 349
Regulation by phosphorylation	p. 351
Redox-regulation	p. 352
Calcium/calmodulin regulation	p. 352
Functional specialization in the general import pathway	p. 354
Plastid protein import mutants and phenotypes	p. 354
Expression patterns of Toc GTPases	p. 358
Biochemical evidence for functional specialization of chloroplast import receptors	p. 358
Substrate specificity of Toc-GTPase sub-pathways	p. 358
Toc/Tic independent "alternative" import pathways into thechloroplast	p. 359
Import depending on internal targeting sequences	p. 359
Substrate dependent import	p. 360
Protein import via the secretory pathway	p. 360
Acknowledgements	p. 362
References	p. 362
Insights into chloroplast proteomics: from basic principles to new horizons	p. 371
Abstract	p. 371
The art of proteomics	p. 371
Prerequisite for biomolecular mass spectrometry: MALDI and ESI Ionization	p. 372
Peptide mass finger printing and tandem mass spectrometry	p. 372
Database searching	p. 374
De Novo sequencing	p. 375
Linking database searching and de novo sequencing	p. 375
Strategies for the analysis of proteome dynamics	p. 377
Proteomics of the chloroplast and its compartments	p. 379
Envelope membranes	p. 379
Stroma and chloroplast ribosome	p. 381
Thylakoid membrane	p. 384
Thylakoid lumen	p. 388
Comparative proteomics	p. 392
Plant and chloroplast development	p. 392
Biotic stress	p. 393
Abiotic stress	p. 394
Conclusion	p. 398
Acknowledgement	p. 398
References	p. 398
List of abbreviations	p. 406
Plastid-nucleus communication: anterograde and retrograde signalling in the development and function of plastids	p. 409
Abstract	p. 409
Introduction	p. 409
Major problems of coordination and communication between plastids and nucleus	p. 410
Tissue specificity of plastid development	p. 411
The gene copy number problem	p. 411
Integration of plastid responses within the cell	p. 413
Anterograde signalling	p. 413
The nuclear control principle	p. 413
Developmental signals	p. 418
Environmental control of plastid development	p. 422
Retrograde signalling	p. 423
Signals depending on plastid gene expression	p. 423
Retrograde signals depending on pigment synthesis	p. 425
Redox signals from chloroplasts	p. 431
Plastid signals controlling tissue development	p. 441
Conclusions and perspectives	p. 442
Acknowledgements	p. 443
References	p. 443
List of abbreviations	p. 455
The genetic transformation of plastids	p. 457
Abstract	p. 457
Introduction	p. 457
Plastid biology in Chlamydomonas and tobacco	p. 458
General procedures	p. 462
Gene transfer methods	p. 462
Transformation vectors	p. 463
Marker gene removal	p. 465
Plastid transformation in algae	p. 467
Expression control elements	p. 467
Resistance marker genes	p. 468
Targeted inactivation	p. 468
Introduced genes, expressed proteins	p. 471
Transformed species	p. 471
Plastid transformation in higher plants	p. 472
Expression control elements	p. 472
Inducible gene expression	p. 474
Resistance marker genes and selection schemes	p. 475
Targeted inactivation	p. 477
Introduced genes, expressed proteins	p. 479
Transformed species	p. 489
Perspectives	p. 493
References	p. 494
Index	p. 511
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Topics in Current Genetics

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

Other Editions and Formats

Paperback

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