Foreword xi
Chapter 1. For a Systemic and Transdisciplinary Approach to the Environment 1
Andre MONACO, Patrick PROUZET and Patrick VINCENT
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. A complex and vulnerable ocean system 4
1.3. Suitable observation tools 9
1.3.1. For a systemic vision of the ocean 10
1.3.2. To assess our vulnerability to global change 11
1.3.3. The contribution of operational oceanography 13
1.3.4. New technologies applied to the living world 15
1.4. Conclusion 16
1.5. Acknowledgments 17
1.6. Bibliography 17
Chapter 2. Vulnerability to Global Change: Observation Strategies for the Marine Environment 19
Patrick FARCY, Gilles REVERDIN and Philippe BERTRAND
2.1. Introduction 19
2.2. Marine environment observation strategies 20
2.2.1. Parameters to measure 21
2.2.2. Measurement techniques with wide-ranging applications 25
2.3. Some large observation domains 28
2.3.1. The open sea 28
2.3.2. The coastal and littoral ocean 30
2.3.3. The ocean floor: substratum and population 36
2.4. Satellite contribution to observation strategies 42
2.5. In situ observation 45
2.5.1. Lagrangian measurements at the surface and in the water column 45
2.5.2. Eulerian measurements 56
2.5.3. Other significant parameters 60
2.6. Observation strategies 64
2.6.1. The “observatory” approach 64
2.6.2. Some examples of the complementariness of the measurements taken by networks 66
2.6.3. What’s the point of modeling? 67
2.7. What next? 69
2.8. Bibliography 72
Chapter 3. Fishing Technology for Fisheries Research 75
Pascal LARNAUD and Benoit VINCENT
3.1. Introduction 75
3.2. The methods employed to measure selectivity 77
3.2.1. What is selectivity? 77
3.2.2. The tools employed to measure meshes 79
3.2.3. The case of trawls 81
3.2.4. Fishing nets and other gear 89
3.3. The tools and observation methods of fishing gear 94
3.3.1. Hydrodynamic tank test 95
3.3.2. Submarine video recording 99
3.3.3. Measurement tools in the domain of fishing technology 103
3.4. Computer simulation tools 104
3.5. Perspectives 108
3.6. Bibliography 109
Chapter 4. Acoustics to Detect and Measure Underwater Organisms 113
Verena TRENKEL, Aude PACINI and Laurent BERGER
4.1. Introduction 113
4.1.1. Physical principles of underwater acoustics 113
4.1.2. Instruments 117
4.2. How animals use acoustics 120
4.2.1. Marine mammals 121
4.2.2. Fish 123
4.2.3. Other marine animals 124
4.3. How researchers use acoustics 124
4.3.1. Widening the observation scope 124
4.3.2. Describing animal behavior 126
4.3.3. Estimating fish abundance 128
4.3.4. Ecosystem indicators 130
4.3.5. Seafloor and benthic habitat characterization 131
4.3.6. Quantifying the impact of human activities on ecosystems 131
4.4. Practical uses of acoustics 132
4.4.1. Equipment 132
4.4.2. Carrying out a research cruise 135
4.4.3. Data processing 137
4.4.4. Advantages and drawbacks of acoustics 139
4.5. Acknowledgments 140
4.6. Bibliography 140
Chapter 5. “Bio-logging” as a Tool to Study and Monitor Marine Ecosystems, or How to Spy on Sea Creatures 143
Yann TREMBLAY and Sophie BERTRAND
5.1. Introduction 143
5.2. The variety of sensors and measurements 144
5.2.1. Position measurements 144
5.2.2. Physiological measurements 147
5.2.3. Behavioral measurements 147
5.2.4. Environmental measurements 148
5.2.5. Presence measurements 149
5.3. Attachment methods: limits and ethics 150
5.4. Current challenges 152
5.5. Some examples of discoveries resulting from bio-logging 153
5.5.1. The marine field is huge, and yet… 153
5.5.2. To adjust, yes, but how? 154
5.5.3. Animals as oceanographers 156
5.5.4. The impact of oceanographic structures 156
5.5.5. Interactions with fisheries, their management and conservation 157
5.6. Conclusion 161
5.7. Bibliography 162
Chapter 6. Modeling Strategies for Ecosystems 175
Cedric BACHER and Nathalie NIQUIL
6.1. Definition of mathematical modeling 175
6.1.1. Introduction 175
6.1.2. The main currents of ecological modeling 177
6.2. Mathematical formalization 178
6.2.1. State variables, process variables and the equation of state 178
6.2.2. Functional responses 180
6.2.3. Simplified food web 187
6.3. Metabolic foundations of population dynamics 192
6.3.1. Metabolic laws 192
6.3.2. Population and communities 197
6.4. Modeling complexity 199
6.4.1. Introduction 199
6.4.2. From NPZD to trophodynamic models 203
6.4.3. Static holistic models 204
6.5. Conclusion 209
6.5.1. The ideal of end-to-end models 209
6.5.2. To find out more 210
6.6. Acknowledgments 212
6.7. Bibliography 212
Chapter 7. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: Reconciling Conservation and Exploitation 221
Philippe CURY, Arnaud BERTRAND, Sophie BERTRAND, Marta COLL, Philippe GROS, Souad KIFANI, François Le LOCH, Olivier MAURY, Frederic MENARD, Florent RENAUD, Lynn SHANNON and Yunne-Jai SHIN
7.1. The ecosystem approach to fisheries: a shared view on the management of marine resources 221
7.1.1. The challenges of the ecosystem approach 221
7.1.2. Three bodies of the United Nations structure the ecosystem approach to global fisheries 223
7.1.3. The complex matter of scientific issues supporting governance 233
7.2. The way marine ecosystems work 236
7.2.1. Bottom-up, top-down and wasp-wait controls 236
7.2.2. Trophic relationships in marine ecosystems 248
7.3. EAF and research on marine ecosystems 256
7.3.1. Quantifying ecological interactions 256
7.3.2. Understanding spatial dynamics 258
7.3.3. Modeling as a tool to integrate knowledge 262
7.4. Ecological indicators Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) 271
7.4.1. Three current levels of organization: international, national and regional 273
7.4.2. The ecosystem approach of the MSFD 274
7.4.3. The assessment of food webs 275
7.5. Implementing the EAF: the Benguela and Humboldt examples 278
7.5.1. Benguela 278
7.5.2. The Humboldt 283
7.6. Dynamic approaches to the ecosystem management of fisheries 289
7.7. Bibliography 290
Chapter 8. Modeling in Contemporary Sciences: Efficiency and Limits Examples from Oceanography 313
Alain PAVE
8.1. Introduction 313
8.2. A language to describe reality 314
8.3. Relationships between models and reality 315
8.4. What about marine ecological systems and their management? 323
8.5. Interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity and modeling 329
8.5. Bibliography 332
List of Authors 337
Index 339
