Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Fundamentals 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Spectrum of Energy 3
1.3 Two Pillars of Thermodynamics 4
1.4 Units and Dimensions 6
1.5 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 8
1.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 9
1.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 11
1.8 Thermodynamic System 13
1.9 Seven-step Approach 14
1.9.1 Property 15
1.9.2 State 31
1.9.3 Process 32
1.9.4 Cycle 34
1.9.5 First Law of Thermodynamics 35
1.9.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics 38
1.9.7 Performance Assessment 40
1.10 Engineering Equation Solver as a Potential Software 46
1.11 Closing Remarks 49
Study Questions/Problems 49
a) Concept 49
b) True or False Type Questions 50
c) Multiple Choice Type Questions 51
d) Problems 53
2 Energy Aspects 61
2.1 Introduction 61
2.2 Macroscopic Thermodynamics versus Microscopic Thermodynamics 62
2.3 Energy and the Environment 64
2.4 Forms of Energy 65
2.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 75
2.5.1 Energy Balance Equations 78
2.5.2 Energy Losses 80
2.6 Pure Substances 83
2.6.1 Phases 84
2.6.2 Phase Changes of Water 85
2.6.3 Property Diagrams 90
2.6.4 Property Tables 96
2.7 Ideal Gas Equation 108
2.7.1 When is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas? 109
2.7.2 Compressibility Factor 110
2.8 Closing Remarks 113
Study Questions/Problems 113
Reference 118
3 Energy Analysis 119
3.1 Introduction 119
3.2 Thermodynamic Systems 120
3.3 Closed Systems 121
3.4 Modes of Energy Transfer 121
3.5 Types of Works 122
3.5.1 Boundary Movement Work 123
3.6 Energy Balance Equation for Closed Systems 131
3.7 Specific Heat Capacities 133
3.8 Open Systems 139
3.9 Closing Remarks 157
Study Questions/Problems 157
Multiple Choice Questions 157
Problems 159
4 Entropy and Exergy 169
4.1 Introduction 169
4.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 170
4.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 173
4.4 The Carnot Concept 174
4.4.1 The Carnot Principle 176
4.4.2 Temperature Ratio 176
4.5 Entropy 178
4.6 Entropy Balance Equations 181
4.7 Isentropic Processes 188
4.8 Isentropic Processes for Ideal Gases 191
4.9 Isentropic Efficiencies for Ideal Gases 193
4.10 Exergy 199
4.11 Energy vs Exergy 200
4.12 The Different Forms of Exergy 204
4.12.1 Flow Exergy 204
4.12.2 Thermal Exergy 204
4.12.3 Exergy of Work 204
4.12.4 Exergy of Electricity 204
4.13 Exergy Destruction 205
4.14 Reference Environment 205
4.14.1 Natural-Environment-Subsystem Models 205
4.15 Exergy Balance Equation for Closed Systems 205
4.16 Exergy Balance Equation for Open Systems 211
4.17 Exergy Efficiency 216
4.18 Concluding Remarks 219
Study Questions/Problems 219
Multiple Choice Questions 219
Problems 221
References 232
5 System Analysis 233
5.1 Introduction 233
5.2 Thermodynamic Laws 234
5.3 Closed Systems 236
5.3.1 Nonflow Exergy with Specific Heat Capacity 241
5.3.2 Moving Boundary Closed Systems 245
5.4 Open Systems 254
5.4.1 Steady-state Steady-flow Systems 254
5.4.2 Unsteady-state Uniform-flow Processes 277
5.5 Exergy Efficiency 285
5.6 Closing Remarks 289
Study Questions/Problems 290
Concept Questions 290
Problems 290
6 Power Cycles 301
6.1 Introduction 301
6.2 Carnot Concept for Power Generation 302
6.3 Heat Engines 303
6.3.1 Performance Assessment 305
6.4 Otto Cycle 309
6.5 Diesel Cycle 320
6.6 Dual Cycle 332
6.7 Brayton Cycle 342
6.7.1 Regenerative Brayton Cycle 358
6.8 Rankine Cycle 369
6.8.1 Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle 380
6.8.2 Cogeneration Rankine Cycle 393
6.8.3 Combined Braytonâ"Rankine Cycles 409
6.9 Concluding Remarks 424
Study Questions and Problems 424
Questions 424
Problems 426
7 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 441
7.1 Introduction 441
7.2 Refrigerants 443
7.3 Basic Refrigeration Cycle 445
7.4 Air-Standard Refrigeration Systems 459
7.5 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 464
7.6 Heat Pumps 471
7.7 Absorption Refrigeration Cycles 488
7.8 Closing Remarks 497
Study Questions and Problems 497
Concept Questions 497
Problems 499
8 Fuel Combustion 515
8.1 Introduction 515
8.2 Fuels 516
8.3 Fossil Fuels 518
8.3.1 Coal 520
8.3.2 Crude Oil 522
8.3.3 Natural Gas 522
8.4 Forms of Chemical Energy 524
8.5 First Law of Thermodynamics Analysis 524
8.6 Combustion Reactions 527
8.7 Combustion in a Closed System 532
8.8 Combustion in Open Systems 535
8.8.1 Incomplete Combustion 539
8.8.2 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 543
8.9 SLT Analysis of Fuel Combustion Processes 547
8.10 Combustion Efficiency 549
8.11 Concluding Remarks 569
Study Questions and Problems 569
Questions 569
Problems 571
Nomenclature 575
Appendix 1: Thermodynamic Tables 579
Appendix 2: T-s Diagrams 655
Index 661
