The Nature of Emotion

Question 1: Are There Basic Emotions? 1.1: James R. Averill: In the Eyes of the Beholder 1.2: Paul Ekman: All Emotions are Basic 1.3: Jaak Panksepp: The Basics of Basic Emotion 1.4: Klaus R. Scherer: Toward a Concept of "Modal Emotions" 1.5: Richard A. Shweder: "You're Not Sick, You're Just in Love": Emotion as an Interpretive System 1.6: Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson: Afterword Question 2: How Do You Distinguish Emotions? 2.1: Richard J. Davidson: On Emotion, Mood, and Related Affective Constructs 2.2: Paul Ekman: Moods, Emotions, and Traits 2.3: Nico H. Frijda: Varieties of Affect: Emotions and Episodes, Moods, and Sentiments 2.4: H.H. Goldsmith: Parsing the Emotional Domain from a Developmental Perspective 2.5: Jerome Kagan: Distinctions Among Emotions, Moods, an Temperamental Qualities 2.6: Richard Lazarus: The Stable and Unstable in Emotion 2.7: Jaak Panksepp: Basic Emotions Ramify Widely in the Brain, Yielding Many Concepts That Cannot Be Distinguished Unambiguously...Yet 2.8: David Watson and Lee Anna Clark: Emotions, Moods, Traits, and Temperaments: Conceptual Distinctions and Empirical Findings 2.9: Richard J. Davidson and Paul Ekman: Afterword Question 3: What Is the Function of Emotions? 3.1: James R. Averill: Emotions Are Many Splendored Things 3.2: Gerald L. Clore: Why Emotions Are Felt 3.3: Nico H. Frijda: Emotions Are Functional, Most of the Time 3.4: Robert W. Levenson: Human Emotions: A Functional View 3.5: Klaus R. Scherer: A Phylogenetic View 3.6: Lee Anna Clark and David Watson: Distinguishing Functional from Dysfunctional Affective Responses 3.7: Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson: Afterword Question 4: How Do You Explain Evidence of Universals in Antecedents of Emotion? 4.1: James R. Averill: It's a Small World, But a Large Stage 4.2: Paul Ekman: Antecedent Events and Emotion Metaphors 4.3: Phoebe C. Ellsworth: Levels of Thought and Levels of Emotion 4.4: Nico H. Frijda: Emotions Require Cognitions, Even if Simple Ones 4.5: Richard Lazarus: Universal Antecedents of the Emotions 4.6: Klaus R. Scherer: Evidence for Both Universality and Cultural Specificity of Emotion Elicitation 4.7: Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson: Afterword Question 5: What Are the Minimal Cognitive Prerequisites for Emotion? 5.1: Gerald L. Clore: Why Emotions Require Cognition 5.2: Phoebe C. Ellsworth: Levels of Thought and Levels of Emotion 5.3: Nico H. Frijda: Emotions Require Cognitions, Even if Simple Ones 5.4: Carroll E. Izard: Answer--None: Cognition Is One of Four Types of Emotion Activating Systems 5.5: Richard Lazarus: Appraisal: The Long and Short of It 5.6: Joseph E. LeDoux: Cognitive-Emotional Interactions in the Brain 5.7: Jaak Panksepp: A Proper Distinction Between Affective and Cognitive Process Is Essential for Neuroscientific Progress 5.8: Klaus R. Scherer: An Emotion's Occurrence Depends of the Relevance of an Event to the Organism's Goal/Need Hierarchy 5.9: Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson: Afterword Question 6: Is There Emotion-Specific Physiology? 6.1: Richard J. Davidson: Complexities in the Search for Emotion-Specific Physiology 6.2: Jeffrey A. Gray: Three Fundamental Emotion Systems 6.3: Joseph E. LeDoux: Emotion-Specific Physiological Activity: Don't Forget About CNS Physiology 6.4: Robert W. Levenson: the Search for Autonomic Specificity 6.5: Jaak Panksepp: The Clearest Physiological Distinctions Between Emotions Will Be Found Among the Circuits of the Brain 6.6: Richard J. Davidson and Paul Ekman: Afterword Question 7: Can We Control Our Emotions? 7.1: James R. Averill: Emotions Unbecoming and Becoming 7.2: Joseph E. LeDoux: The Degree of Emotional Control Depends on the Kind of Personal System Involved 7.3: Robert W. Levenson: Emotional Control: Variations and Consequences 7.4: Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson: Afterword Question 8: Can Emotions Be Nonconscious? 8.1: Gerald L. Clore: Why Emotions Are Never Unconscious 8.2: Joseph E. LeDoux: Emotional Processing, but Not Emotions, Can Occur Unconsciously 8.3: R.B. Zajonc: Evidence for Nonconscious Emotions 8.4: Richard J. Davidson and Paul Ekman: Afterword Question 9: What Is the Relation Between Emotion and Memory? 9.1: Gordon H. Bower: Some Relations Between Emotions and Memory 9.2: Richard Lazarus: The Past and the Present in Emotion 9.3: Joseph E. LeDoux: Memory Versus Emotional Memory in the Brain 9.4: Jaak Panksepp: Subjectivity May Have Evolved in the Brain as a Simple Value-Coding Process That Promotes the Learning of New Behaviors 9.5: Richard J. Davidson and Paul Ekman: Afterword Question 10: How Do Individuals Differ in Emotion-Related Activity? 10.1: Richard J. Davidson: Honoring Biology in the Study of Affective Style 10.2: Jeffrey A. Gray: Personality Dimensions and Emotions Studies 10.3: Richard Lazarus: Individualized Differences in Emotion 10.4: Mary K. Rothbart: Broad Dimensions of Temperament and Personality 10.5: Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson: Afterword Question 11: What Develops in Emotional Development? 11.1: Linda A. Camras: Two Aspects of Emotional Development: Expression and Elicitation 11.2: Judy Dunn: Experience and Understanding of Emotions, Relationships, and Membership in a Particular Culture 11.3: Carroll E. Izard: Intersystem Connections 11.4: Richard Lazarus: Meaning and Emotional Development 11.5: Jaak Panksepp: Lots of "Stuff"...Especially Mind "Stuff" That Emerges from Brain "Stuff" 11.6: Mary K. Rothbart: Emotional Development: Changes in Reactivity and Self-Regulation 11.7: Richard J. Davidson and Paul Ekman: Afterword Question 12: What Influences the Subjective Experience of Emotion? 12.1: James R. Averill: I Feel, Therefore I Am--I Think 12.2: Gerald L. Clore: Why Emotions Vary in Intensity 12.3: Joseph E. LeDoux: Emotional Experience Is an Output of, Not a Cause of, Emotional Processing 12.4: Jaak Panksepp: Evolution Constructed the Potential for Subjective Experience Within the Neurodynamics of the Mammalian Brain 12.5: Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson: Afterword