Nations are made and unmade at their borders, and for the United States and Canada in the late nineteenth century, the forty-ninth parallel was a key site for this process in the West. Governments on both sides wanted the border to be a clear and unequivocal dividing line between the two nations, both under process of construction. Both Canadian and U.S. officials also wanted the border to reinforce the unique spatial, racial, and gender categories that would distinguish the two nations.Along the Alberta-Montana border, the transition from Blackfoot country to borderlands in the late nineteenth century did not follow the path scripted for them by government officials. Rather, cross-border traffic by Kainah, Piikuni, and Siksika Blackfoot peoples as well as railroads, immigrants, and local farmers continually challenged the legitimacy and effectiveness of the line. The growth of a white female population in the region, which should have _whitened_ and _easternized_ the region, merely served to complicate emerging categories. In The Line Which Separates, Sheila McManus reveals the ways in which gender, race, and national identity fought a complex battle that bifurcated and divided a previously indigenously conceived, cohesive region along international models.
Industry Reviews
"McManus relies on two types of primary research materials. The first is government documentation, namely annual reports produced by the US Department of the Interior and the Canadian Department of Agriculture. McManus rightly recognizes the research value of the annual reports in that local agents of the state often provided perspectives on Native relations, ranching, and other issues that differed from official government policy. Second, McManus utilizes the journals and remembrances of a small number of white women settlers in the region. Limited in number, these materials nonetheless provide a greater insight into social identities in the region, and McManus's use of them is her strongest contribution." Michelle Rhodes, University College of the Fraser Valley, Left History, 12.1 "In this recent offering on the topic of borderlands, University of Lethbridge historian Sheila McManus argues that the establishment of the forty-ninth parallel separating Montana and Alberta was key to the development of distinct American and Canadian national identities during the nineteenth century. However, despite the desire of both nations to construct their own 'clear and unequivocal' notions of nationhood on either side of the border, policy-makers were often frustrated by the complex network of cross-border social and economic ties that hampered their efforts. The bulk of McManus's text sets out to explore the task of nation-building by examining the various processes undertaken by both governments to establish legal and ideological domination of the northern plains, a project which was completed during the 1860s, 1870s, and 1880s..McManus's book is logically organized and her arguments are compelling. While one might take issue with her emphasis on the Montana Blackfeet at the expense of other nomadic indigenous groups (particularly the Cree and the Metis, who were affected profoundly by each country's differing political policies), this is a fine piece of work nonetheless." Heather Devine, University of Toronto Quarterly, Vol. 76, No. 1, Winter 2007 "Sheila McManus seeks to understand how the running of the 49th parallel, which constitutes the boundary between two nations (Canada and the United States) as well as a province and a state (Alberta and Montana), played out, insofar as it was part of a policy designed to nationalize a unified geographical region occupied by a common cultural group, the Blackfoot Confederacy. As the subtitle indicates, McManus filters the elements making up the stuff of the Alberta-Montana borderlands through two historical membranes: race and gender. The book isolates and examines several problems faced by the national governments in their attempts to divide and nationalize a common topographical, economic, social, and linguistic space. This is one of an increasing number of border studies that, by employing the techniques of comparative history and knowledge of gendered relationships, have illuminated the inner recesses of Canadian-American relations, revealing subtleties and complexities unknown to traditional students of the field." John R. Abbott, Canadian Book Review Annual 2007
