The Invisible Weapon

Contents

1 Telecommunications and International Relations Characteristics of Electrical Communications Telecommunications and World History International Telecommunications as a Field of Study

2 New Technology Origins of the Telegraph International Telegraphic Cooperation The First Submarine Telegraph Cables The Mediterranean Cables The First Atlantic Cables The Red Sea Cable Telegraphs to India Conclusion

3 The Expansion of the World Cable Network, 1866-1895 The Technology of Cables The Atlantic Cables The Cable Companies Cables to India and Australia Cable Rivalries in the West Indies and Latin America Across Russia to Japan Commercial Codes and the International Telegraph Union Conclusion

4 Telegraphy and Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century The Telegraph in India The Telegraph in Indochina Cables and News in the French West Indies The Telegraph in China The East African Cables The West African Cables Cables and Colonial Control Conclusion

5 Crisis at the Turn of the Century, 1895-1901 Telegraphy and Diplomacy British Cable Strategy to 1898 Telegraphic Delays and French Imperialism Germany and the Azores Affair The Spanish-American War The Fashoda Incident The British Strategic Cable Report of 1898 The Boer War

6 The Great Powers and the Cable Crisis, 1900-1913 The British Pacific Cable and the "All-Red" Routes British Cable Strategy, 1902-1914 The American Cables France and the Cable Crisis Germany and the Cable Crisis Conclusion

7 The Beginnings of Radio, 1895-1914 Marconi and the Birth of Wireless Telegraphy The Marconi Monopoly and the Reaction of the Powers Technological Change and Commercial Rivalries The U.S. Navy and Radio to 1908 The Continuous Ware, 1908-1914 French Colonial Wireless German Long-Distance and Colonial Radio The British Imperial Wireless Chain Conclusion

8 Cables and Radio in World War I The Jitters of July 1914 Allied Attacks on German Communications German Attacks on Allied Communications Allied Communications during the War Censorship Propaganda Conclusion

9 Communications Intelligence in World War I Government Cryptology before 1914 Communications Intelligence on Land British Naval Interception and Direction-Finding German Codes and British Cryptanalysis in 1914 British Naval Intelligence, 1915-1916 The U-Boat War, 1917-1918 German Communications Intelligence The Zimmerman Telegram

10 Conflicts and Settlements, 1919-1923 The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 The Washington Conferences of 1920-1922 The Struggle over Cables to Latin America The Radio Corporation of America British Radio, 1919~1924 German and French Radio to 1924 Radio in Latin America and China Conclusion

11 Technological Upheavals and Commercial Rivalries, 1924-1939 The Distribution of Cables in the World in 1923 Cable Technology in the 1920s The New Cables, 1924-1929 ITT and the Telephones The British Reaction French Colonial Shortwave The International Impact of Shortwave The British Communications Merger Responses to the British Merger The British Dilemma: Profits versus Security Conclusion

12 Communications Intelligence in World War II British and German Communications Intelligence to 1936 Cipher Machines The Approach of War, 1936-1939 The Outbreak of War, 1939-1940 British Communications Intelligence in Wartime German Communications Intelligence in Wartime The Battles of Britain and North Africa German Spies and Allied Radio Deception Funkspiele, Resistance, and the Normandy Landing The Soviet Rings Conclusion

13 The War at Sea The Cable War Communications and Naval Warfare in the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1944 American Communications Intelligence before Pearl Harbor From Pearl Harbor to Midway After Midway

14 The Changing of the Guard The American Expansion Strategic Cables to North Africa and Europe The Retreat of Britain The Organization of Postwar Communications Conclusion

15 Telecommunications, Information, and Security

Bibliography Essay Books on Submarine Telegraph Cables Books on Radio and Telecommunications Communications Intelligence Primary Sources

Index