The Galactic and Extragalactic Background Radiation

I. A Historical Review.- The Dark Night-Sky Riddle, "Olbers's Paradox".- II. Galactic Background Starlight from UV to IR: Observations and Models.- Optical Observations of Galactic and Extragalactic Light: Implications for Galactic Structure (Invited Review).- Infrared Background Starlight: Observations and Galaxy Models (Invited Review).- The Ultraviolet Starlight in the Galaxy (Invited Review).- The Interstellar Radiation Field and Its Interaction with the Interstellar Matter (Invited Review).- Polarization of Galactic Background Light in the Visible Spectral Region (Invited Review).- The Surface Brightness of Our Galaxy and Other Spirals (Invited Review).- Fluctuations of the Diffuse Galactic Background.- The Bochum Milky Way Surface Photometry: An Overview.- Blue and Red Brightnesses of the Integrated Starlight Obtained by Star-Counts in 24 Regions.- Stellar Photometry at the North Ecliptic Pole: The Contribution to Background Starlight.- Optical and H-A1pha Emission from Unresolved Red Dwarf Stars in the Galaxy.- A Model of the 8-25 um Point Source Infrared Sky.- Continuum Wavelength Emission from Embedded, Young, and Massive Stellar Objects Beyond 1 um.- Improvements in the IRAS Calibration by Separation of the Different Infrared Surface Brightness Components.- Infrared Radiation from Evolved Stars.- Monte Carlo Simulations of the Galaxy at 12 um: Implications for Galactic Structure.- The Determination of Galactic Arms from the Brightness Distribution of Far Infrared Sources.- III. Diffuse Galactic Radiation from Dust and Gas: Observations and Models.- Diffuse Galactic Light in the UV and Visible (Invited Review).- Infrared Emission at High Galactic Latitude (Invited Review).- Infrared Line Emission by Broadly Distributed Gas (Invited Review).- Faint Optical Line Emission from the Diffuse Interstellar Medium: Observations and Implications (Invited Review).- The Galactic Far Ultraviolet Background (Invited Review).- The Galactic Far-UV Background: Correlations with Gas and Dust at High Galactic Latitudes (Invited Review).- Detection of H? Emission on High Velocity 21 cm Oouds.- Light from Dark Clouds.- High-Resolution V-Band Photometry of the Milky Way.- High-Resolution B-Photometry of the Milky Way and Results on Galactic Structure.- Diffuse [CII] Emission in Interstellar Space.- Optical Characteristics of Galactic 100 um Cirrus.- Measurements of the 3.3 um Diffuse Galactic Emission Feature with AROME.- Multispectral Analysis of IRAS Sky Bux Maps.- Correlation of Infrared Emission with H I and CO Gas in the High Latitude Cloud Area L1642.- The Infrared Brightness of the Ecliptic Plane.- Spectra of the Far-Ultraviolet Background Shortward of 1200 ? from Voyager 2.- Spectroscopic Observations of the Far Ultraviolet Background.- Measurements of the Diffuse Ultraviolet Radiation.- Observations of the Diffuse Ultraviolet Background from the UVX Experiment on Space Shuttle.- The Far Ultraviolet Background: Dust Scattering and the Extragalactic Continuum.- The Global Distribution of Zodiacal Dust.- Luminescence from Small Carbonaceous Dust Grains.- The Relationship Between Gas and Cirrus Dust Filaments at the Edge of the Expanding Shell in Eridanus.- Emission from Dust Near High-Latitude Stars.- Extinction Maps of Dust Clouds from Surface Photometry.- Galactic Background Radiation in the 78 to 111 eV Band.- IV. Extragalactic Background Radiation and Cosmology.- Spectrum and Origin of the Extragalactic Optical Background Radiation (Invited Review).- Observations of the Extragalactic Background Light (Invited Review).- Galaxy Count Models and the Extragalactic Background Light (Invited Review).- Extragalactic Backgrounds: Common Features and New Work on Intracluster Light (Invited Review).- Cosmology and Fluctuations in the Radiation Backgrounds (Invited Review).- The Extragalactic Diffuse Background in the Far Ultraviolet (Invited Review).- Infrared Extragalactic Background Light (Invited Review).- The Extragalactic Radio Source Background (Invited Review).- The Microwave Background Radiation (Invited Review).- The Extragalactic X-ray and ?-ray Backgrounds (Invited Review).- CCD Observation of Diffuse Light in the Rich Ouster A2029.- Modeling Faint Galaxy Counts.- Optical Background from Galaxies.- A New Catalogue of Faint Galaxies.- Extended Halos in the Cluster Abell-426.- Optical Search of Faint IRAS Point Sources in the Virgo Cluster Region.- Dust in Nearby Groups of Galaxies?.- Globular Clusters in NGC 1399 and Background Galaxies.- Vacuum Ultraviolet Background Radiation Around the Virgo Cluster Region.- The Infrared Background Due to Galaxies.- The Extragalactic Background Included in IRAS Point Source Samples.- Far-Infrared Emission from an Intergalactic Dust Cloud?.- Explaining the Infrared and Submillimeter Backgrounds by Decaying Particles.- The Impact of CN Line Profile Measurements on the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature.- A Precise CN Measurement of the Microwave Background at 1.32 mm.- Infrared Dust Emission in Galaxies and Spectral Distortion of Microwave Background.- High Latitude Galactic Emission and the Search for Anisotropies in the CBR.- Cosmic Microwave Background Fluctuation Searches on 5 to 10 Scales.- Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropies in the Far Infrared.- Intensity Fluctuations of the Cosmic Background Radiation Due to Polarization Effects.- The Spectrum Distortion of Relic Radiation in the Moment of Universe Recombination.- Limits on the Energy Density of the Cosmic Infrared Background.- Small-Scale Fluctuations and Anisotropies in the 1-3 keVX-Ray Background.- Properties of the Surface Brightness Distribution of the Cosmic X-Ray Background.- The X-Ray Background from Star-Forming Galaxies.- Statistics of Radio-X-Ray Emission and Magnetic Fields in the Intergalactic Medium.- X-Ray Background Fluctuations from Discrete Sources with a Varying Density Contrast.- Luminosity Inhomogeneity of Quasars and the Upper Limit of the Density Fluctuation in the Universe.- Behaviour of Point Masses Against the Background Radiation with Dissipation in an Expanding Universe.- Can Very Large-Scale Structures Exist in the Universe?.- The Vacuum Electromagnetic Field and the Energetics of the Intergalactic Medium.- V. Future Plans and Approaches.- ISO's Capabilities for IR Background Measurements.- Observations of Diffuse Infrared Radiation by a Small Cryogenical Telescope, IRTS.- HUBE: The Hopkins Ultraviolet Background Experiment.- Imaging Large- and Small-Scale Structures of the Far Ultraviolet Background with the FAUST Instrument.- OFFEQ S: Wide-Field UV Imaging with the Israeli Scientific Satellite.- Far-Ultraviolet Background Studies with the Pan-American Astrophysics Explorer (PAX).- The Far Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph on Spartan-281.- Optical Observing Techniques for Faint Extended Surface Brightness.- The Potential of the Wide Field Camera on ROSAT for Investigations of the XUV Background.- Using IRAS Cirrus to Look for X-Ray Shadowing with ROSAT.- VI. Conference Summaries.- The Extragalactic Background Radiation-1989.- Summary: The Galactic Background Radiation.- Author Index.