| Preface | p. x |
| Introduction | p. xii |
| The Rise of Islam and Life of the Prophet Muhammad | p. 1 |
| The Constitution of Medina | p. 4 |
| War and peace | p. 7 |
| The Treaty of al-Hudaybiyya | p. 10 |
| The fall of Mecca | p. 12 |
| Farewell pilgrimage | p. 13 |
| Remembering the Prophet, the Beloved of God | p. 16 |
| The Issue of Succession to the Prophet | p. 19 |
| Early tension between kinship and individual moral excellence | p. 22 |
| Why did the Prophet not indicate a successor? | p. 26 |
| The Age of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs | p. 27 |
| Abu Bakr, the first caliph | p. 27 |
| 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph | p. 30 |
| The End of Rightly-Guided Leadership | p. 47 |
| Political administration | p. 47 |
| The collection of the Qur'an | p. 48 |
| Toward fragmentation of the community | p. 50 |
| The caliphate of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib | p. 51 |
| The first civil war | p. 52 |
| The legacy of the era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs | p. 54 |
| The Age of the Companions | p. 59 |
| Ibn 'Abbas: the sage of the Muslim community | p. 61 |
| Ibn Mas'ud: interpreter of the Word of God | p. 63 |
| 'A'isha bint Abi Bakr: the beloved of Muhammad | p. 66 |
| Umm 'Umara: valiant defender of the Prophet | p. 70 |
| Bilal ibn Rabah: the voice of Islam | p. 71 |
| Conclusion | p. 73 |
| The Age of the Successors | p. 76 |
| The historical milieu | p. 76 |
| The politics of piety and the second civil war | p. 81 |
| The third civil war | p. 85 |
| The 'Abbasid revolution | p. 87 |
| Prominent successors | p. 90 |
| The consolidation of Shi'i thought | p. 95 |
| The rise of law and jurisprudence among the early Sunnis | p. 98 |
| The Successors to the Successors I: Administration, Leadership, and Jihad | p. 106 |
| The founding of Baghdad | p. 106 |
| Statecraft, administration, and leadership: acquiring a Persian flavor | p. 107 |
| The concept of jihad: Qur'anic antecedents and the classical juridical doctrine | p. 108 |
| Reading the Qur'an in context | p. 109 |
| Later understandings of jihad | p. 115 |
| Negotiating the polyvalence of the term jihad | p. 116 |
| Many paths to martyrdom | p. 120 |
| Changes in conceptions of leadership | p. 123 |
| The Successors to the Successors II: Humanism, Law, and Mystical Spirituality | p. 129 |
| The rise of humanism | p. 129 |
| The flourishing of law and jurisprudence | p. 137 |
| The rise of tasawwuf (Sufism) | p. 142 |
| Constructing the Pious Forbears I: Historical Memory and the Present | p. 148 |
| The Islamist construction | p. 148 |
| Implications and relevance of studying the lives of the first Muslims today | p. 152 |
| The Salaf al-Salih in the Islamist imagination | p. 155 |
| Constructing the Pious Forbears II: Historical Memory and the Present | p. 168 |
| The significance of the Salaf al-Salih for the modernists | p. 168 |
| Assessment of Islamist and Modernist Views | p. 183 |
| The "Islamic State" | p. 183 |
| The pervasiveness of the religious law and its scope | p. 187 |
| Status of women | p. 190 |
| The nature of jihad | p. 192 |
| Conclusion | p. 196 |
| Endnotes | p. 200 |
| Select Bibliography | p. 231 |
| Glossary | p. 239 |
| General Index | p. 243 |
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