| Acknowledgments and Dedication of the Classic Edition | p. ix |
| Introduction to the Classic Edition | p. xi |
| Preface | p. xxi |
| An External Perspective on Organizations | p. 1 |
| Overview | p. 2 |
| Internal versus External Perspectives on Organizations | p. 6 |
| Basic Concepts for a Contextual Perspective | p. 10 |
| The Role of Management | p. 16 |
| Summary | p. 19 |
| Organization and Social Context Defined | p. 23 |
| Interest Groups and Coalitions: Organizations as Markets for Influence and Control | p. 24 |
| Competing Demands | p. 27 |
| Organizational Boundaries and the Partial Inclusion of Participants | p. 29 |
| Organizational Effectiveness | p. 33 |
| Summary | p. 36 |
| Social Control of Organizations | p. 39 |
| Interdependence | p. 40 |
| The Social Control of Organizational Choice | p. 43 |
| Empirical Examinations of Interoganizational Influence | p. 54 |
| Summary | p. 59 |
| The Organizational Environment and How It Is Known | p. 62 |
| Dimensions of the Environment | p. 63 |
| The Interconnectedness of Organizations | p. 69 |
| The Enactment Process--How Environments Are Known | p. 70 |
| Determinants of the Enactment Process | p. 74 |
| Problems in Environmental Enactment | p. 78 |
| The Assessment of External Demands | p. 84 |
| Summary | p. 88 |
| Managing Organizational Demands: Adaptation and Avoidance | p. 92 |
| An Environment of Conflicting Interests | p. 93 |
| Organizational Compliance | p. 94 |
| Avoiding Influence as an Organizational Response | p. 95 |
| Managing the Conditions of Social Control | p. 97 |
| Managing and Avoiding Dependence | p. 106 |
| Summary | p. 110 |
| Altering Organizational Interdependence: Controlling the Context of Control | p. 113 |
| Using Merger to Cope with Interdependence | p. 114 |
| Patterns of Vertical Mergers | p. 115 |
| Mergers Within the Same Industry: Reducing Competitive Uncertainty | p. 123 |
| Diversification: Determining Interorganizational Dependence | p. 126 |
| Organizational Growth | p. 131 |
| Summary | p. 139 |
| The Negotiated Environment: Establishing Collective Structures of Interorganizational Action | p. 143 |
| Normative Coordination of Interdependence | p. 147 |
| Interorganizational Cooperation: The Case of Joint Ventures | p. 152 |
| Patterns of Joint Venture Activity | p. 157 |
| Cooptation: The Use of Interlocking Boards of Directors | p. 161 |
| Hospital Boards of Directors | p. 170 |
| Organized Coordination of Interdependence: Associations, Coalitions, and Cartels | p. 175 |
| Summary | p. 182 |
| The Created Environment: Controlling Interdependence Through Law and Social Sanction | p. 188 |
| Rationalization of Political Choice | p. 191 |
| Organizational Legitimacy | p. 193 |
| Regulation: State Management of the Economic Environment | p. 202 |
| The Organization as a Political Actor | p. 213 |
| Summary | p. 222 |
| Executive Succession: A Mechanism for Environmental Effects | p. 225 |
| A Model of Environmental Effects | p. 228 |
| Organizational Context and Intraorganizational Power | p. 230 |
| Executive Succession and Organizational Power | p. 236 |
| Executive Discretion and Organizational Decision Making | p. 244 |
| Executive Recruitment and Interfirm Coordination | p. 247 |
| Summary | p. 252 |
| The Design and Management of Externally Controlled Organizations | p. 257 |
| A Resource Dependence Perspective | p. 258 |
| Three Managerial Roles | p. 262 |
| Designing Externally Controlled Organizations | p. 268 |
| Designing Organizational Environments | p. 278 |
| Organizational Futures | p. 281 |
| Index | p. 289 |
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