The Diverging Empires

In this groundbreaking study, the author reveals how the Roman Empire's division into Eastern and Western halves wasn't just an administrative convenience but reflected fundamentally different visions of power that would shape European civilization for centuries to come.

When Emperor Theodosius I died in 395 CE, he split the Roman world between his two sons. Within eighty years, the Western Empire collapsed entirely while its Eastern counterpart survived for another millennium as the Byzantine Empire. Why did these two halves of the same civilization experience such dramatically different fates?

Moving beyond traditional explanations focused solely on external threats and economic factors, this compelling narrative uncovers the crucial role played by diverging conceptions of imperial authority. In the East, emperors increasingly styled themselves as sacred monarchs-God's vice-regents on earth, surrounded by elaborate ceremony that emphasized their otherworldly status. In the West, emperors maintained a more pragmatic approach, presenting themselves as military commanders and first among equals, their authority constrained by law and tradition.

Through vivid analysis of imperial art, ceremony, legal pronouncements, and religious policy, the author demonstrates how these competing visions of rulership influenced how each half of the empire responded to the existential challenges of late antiquity. The book traces these divergent ideological paths from their roots in the fourth century through the Western Empire's collapse, Justinian's ambitious but ultimately failed attempt at reunification, and their enduring legacies in Byzantine, medieval European, and even Russian political thought.

This fascinating exploration of how political ideas shape historical outcomes offers valuable perspective not just for scholars but for anyone interested in the fall of empires and the relationship between religion and politics.