| List of illustrations | p. ix |
| List of maps | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| List of abbreviations | p. xv |
| The Carolingian family (simplified) | p. xx |
| The children and grandchildren of Charlemagne | p. xxi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The dawn of the Carolingian age | p. 1 |
| Was there a Carolingian world? | p. 9 |
| The sources for the Carolingian world | p. 16 |
| The creation of Carolingian kingship to 800 | p. 31 |
| Replacing the ruling dynasty | p. 31 |
| The Merovingian world and Carolingian origins | p. 34 |
| Charles Martel and the extension of Carolingian power | p. 44 |
| Securing Carolingian hegemony: Pippin III | p. 51 |
| Charlemagne as king | p. 65 |
| Belief and culture | p. 80 |
| The problem of Christianisation | p. 81 |
| The problem of sin | p. 110 |
| Christian leadership and learning | p. 131 |
| Inventing the Carolingian empire: politics and government, 800-840 | p. 154 |
| Introduction | p. 154 |
| The imperial coronation | p. 160 |
| Governing the empire | p. 170 |
| Dynastic politics, c.806-827 | p. 194 |
| Kingship and 'subkingship' | p. 208 |
| Revolt and recovery: dynastic politics 827-840 | p. 213 |
| Villages and villagers, land and landowners | p. 223 |
| Introduction: interpreting Carolingian society | p. 223 |
| Villages | p. 229 |
| Landowning and landowners | p. 241 |
| Community and mobility | p. 246 |
| Landlords and manors | p. 252 |
| The problem of economic growth | p. 258 |
| The powerful and the poor: social conflict in the Carolingian countryside | p. 263 |
| Conclusion: community and conflict | p. 268 |
| Elite society | p. 271 |
| Introduction | p. 271 |
| Aristocratic identity: vocabulary, appearance and lifestyle | p. 275 |
| Aristocratic behaviour: upbringing, morality and culture | p. 296 |
| Aristocratic families | p. 304 |
| Aristocratic resources and relationships: honores, benefices and lordship | p. 312 |
| Exchange and trade: the Carolingian economy | p. 324 |
| Introduction: interpreting the Carolingian economy | p. 324 |
| Mechanisms of exchange | p. 329 |
| The North Sea economy | p. 338 |
| The transformation of the emporia: the ninth century | p. 347 |
| The Vikings and the Frankish economy | p. 353 |
| Italy and the Mediterranean economy | p. 358 |
| Conclusion: was there a Carolingian economy? | p. 375 |
| Sustaining the Carolingian empire: politics and government, 840-888 | p. 379 |
| Introduction: fraternal rivalry, 840-843 | p. 379 |
| Fraternal love, 843-877 | p. 388 |
| Government and resources | p. 407 |
| The end of the empire, 877-888 | p. 419 |
| Epilogue | p. 428 |
| Bibliography | p. 436 |
| Index | p. 495 |
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