Television Electronics

1 Television System Concepts.- 1.1 Digital techniques.- 1.2 Modem television receivers.- 1.3 Use of semiconductors in television receivers.- 1.4 Summary of desirable image characteristics.- 1.5 Picture detail.- 1.6 Block diagrams of the television system.- Summary.- 2 Television System Applications.- 2.1 Television systems that use cables.- 2.2 Extending the coverage of television.- 2.3 Videotape and video-disc recording.- 2.4 Video games.- 2.5 Projection television.- 2.6 Alpha-numeric and graphic displays.- 2.7 Summary of U.S. television standards.- 2.8 Foreign television standards.- Summary.- 3 Principles of Scanning, Synchronizing, and Video Signals.- 3.1 Basic television system.- 3.2 Introduction to scanning.- 3.3 Simplified scanning principles.- 3.4 Scanning rate.- 3.5 Flicker.- 3.6 The complete scanning process.- 3.7 Overview of blanking and synchronizing signals.- 3.8 The composite monochrome video signal.- 3.9 The horizontal sync and blanking pulses.- 3.10 Vertical sync, vertical blanking, and equalizing pulses.- 3.11 The color-synchronizing signal.- Summary.- 4 Video Signals and Picture Qualities.- 4.1 Negative and positive picture phase.- 4.2 Why television requires wide frequency bands.- 4.3 Effect of loss of low and high video frequencies.- 4.4 Desirable picture qualities.- 4.5 Components of the color video signal.- 4.6 Normal and special video signals.- Summary.- 5 Television Camera Tubes and Camera Systems.- 5.1 Basic TV camera fundamentals.- 5.2 Camera tube characteristics.- 5.3 Operation of the vidicon.- 5.4 Operation of the plumbicon.- 5.5 Silicon diode array vidicon.- 5.6 Silicon imaging device (SID).- 5.7 Single-tube color camera.- 5.8 Color television camera principles.- 5.9 Studio color television camera.- 5.10 Portable color TV camera.- 5.11 The minicam system.- 5.12 Special purpose TV cameras.- 5.13 Studio color video-tape recorder (VTR).- Summary.- 6 TV Wave Propagation and TV Antenna Systems.- 6.1 Radio wave propagation.- 6.2 Line-of-sight distance.- 6.3 Unwanted signal paths.- 6.4 Antenna characteristics.- 6.5 Tuned antennas.- 6.6 UHF antennas.- 6.7 General-purpose antennas.- 6.8 Combination antennas.- 6.9 RCA ministate antenna system.- 6.10 Indoor antennas.- 6.11 Antenna rotators.- 6.12 Transmission lines.- 6.13 Amplifying the antenna signal.- 6.14 Antenna-system accessories.- 6.15 Master-antenna distribution systems.- 6.16 Community-antenna television systems.- 6.17 Grounding and lightning protection.- 6.18 Trouble shooting antenna systems.- Summary.- 7 Principles of Monochrome Television Receivers.- 7.1 Some TV receiver fundamentals.- 7.2 Block diagram discussion.- 7.3 Monochrome television receiver controls.- 7.4 Use of PCs, ICs, FETs, MOSFETs and modular construction.- 7.5 Use of nu-vistor, novar, and compactron vacuum tubes.- 7.6 Types of test equipment used for monochrome TV receivers.- 7.7 General types of tests required for monochrome TV receivers.- 7.8 Some common monochrome TV receiver troubles.- Summary.- 8 Principles of Color Television.- 8.1 Elements of color.- 8.2 Chromaticity chart.- 8.3 The NTSC color television system.- 8.4 I and Q signals.- 8.5 Color-signal components.- 8.6 The color subcarrier.- 8.7 The color burst signal.- 8.8 Derivation of the color subcarrier frequency.- 8.9 Composite colorpexed video wave forms.- 8.10 How compatibility is achieved.- Summary.- 9 Principles of Color TV Receivers.- 9.1 RF tuner.- 9.2 Video-IF system.- 9.3 Sound IF, FM detector, and the audio system.- 9.4 Video detector and video amplifiers.- 9.5 Chrominance section.- 9.6 Color sync section.- 9.7 Sync separators and AGC.- 9.8 Horizontal- and vertical-deflection systems.- 9.9 High-voltage circuits.- 9.10 Color picture tube and convergence circuits.- 9.11 Processing color sidebands.- 9.12 Automatic circuits.- 9.13 Some common color TV receiver troubles.- Summary.- 10 TV-Receiver Tuners.- 10.1 Types of TV tuners for VHF and UHF reception.- 10.2 Electrical characteristics of tuners.- 10.3 Interference, stability, and noise problems in tuners.- 10.4 Channel allocations.- 10.5 Characteristics of tuned circuits.- 10.6 Vacuum tubes for tuners.- 10.7 Typical tube-type RF amplifiers.- 10.8 Transistor RF amplifiers.- 10.9 Field-effect transistors and RF amplifiers.- 10.10 Mixers and mixer circuit operation.- 10.11 Local oscillator operation.- 10.12 A typical nuvistor tuner.- 10.13 A typical transistor tuner.- 10.14 Varactor tuning and tuners.- 10.15 UHF solid-state tuners.- 10.16 Sources of trouble in VHF and UHF tuners.- Summary.- 11 Frequency Synthesis, AFT and Remote Control.- 11.1 The binary number system.- 11.2 Dividers and prescalers.- 11.3 The phase-locked loop (PLL).- 11.4 The microcomputer (jxC).- 11.5 The Quasar compu-matic touch-tuning system.- 11.6 Compu-matic circuit analysis.- 11.7 Automatic fine tuning (AFT).- 11.8 Functions of (AFT) systems.- 11.9 Functions and types of remote control devices.- 11.10 Ultrasonic remote control systems.- 11.11 Electronically generated sound signals.- 11.12 An electronic remote control system.- 11.13 A direct-access remote control system.- 11.14 Troubles in compu-matic tuning systems.- 11.15 Troubles in AFT circuits.- 11.16 Troubles in remote control systems.- Summary.- 12 Video IF Amplifiers.- 12.1 Major video IF functions.- 12.2 Frequency response curves.- 12.3 Comparison of vacuum tube and solid-state video IF Amplifiers.- 12.4 Types of video IF Amplifiers.- 12.5 Intermediate frequencies.- 12.6 Amplifier bandwidth.- 12.7 Stagger tuning.- 12.8 Interstage coupling.- 12.9 Wave traps.- 12.10 Sound IF frequency separation.- 12.11 Typical video IF Amplifiers.- 12.12 An IC video IF amplifier.- 12.13 Surface-acoustic wave filter (SAWF).- 12.14 Video-IF amplifier troubles.- Summary.- 13 Video Detectors.- 13.1 Positive- and negative-picture phases.- 13.2 Video detector filtering and high-frequency compensation.- 13.3 Shunt-video detectors.- 13.4 Video detectors in color television receivers.- 13.5 Synchronous (linear) video detectors.- 13.6 Synchronous video detector operation.- 13.7 Troubles in the video detector stage.- Summary.- 14 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Circuits.- 14.1 General types of AGC circuits.- 14.2 Peak-AGC systems.- 14.3 Disadvantages of peak AGC.- 14.4 Keyed-AGC systems.- 14.5 Delayed AGC and diode clamping in AGC circuits.- 14.6 AGC systems in solid-state receivers.- 14.7 Noise cancellation circuits.- 14.8 Solid-state AGC system.- 14.9 AGC system in an RCA IC.- 14.10 Expanded block diagram of RCA IC noise processor.- 14.11 Expanded block diagram of RCA IC AGC processor.- 14.12 Troubles in AGC circuits.- Summary.- 15 Video Amplifiers.- 15.1 Video signal requirements of picture tubes.- 15.2 Video signal amplitude.- 15.3 Eye resolving power.- 15.4 Effects of loss of low- and high-video frequencies.- 15.5 The DC component of a video signal.- 15.6 Phase distortion.- 15.7 Square-wave response of video amplifiers.- 15.8 Video requirements for color TV.- 15.9 Types of video amplifiers for monochrome and color sets.- 15.10 Comparison of tube and solid-state video amplifiers.- 15.11 Contrast controls in video amplifiers.- 15.12 Automatic contrast control.- 15.13 Automatic brightness and contrast control.- 15.14 Video peaking.- 15.15 Improved video peaking system.- 15.16 The comb filter.- 15.17 Elementary comb filter.- 15.18 Comb filter block diagram.- Summary.- 16 Video Amplifier Design.- 16.1 The gain of a pentode-video amplifier.- 16.2 The gain of a transistor video amplifier.- 16.3 High-frequency behavior.- 16.4 Shunt peaking.- 16.5 Series peaking.- 16.6 Series-shunt peaking.- 16.7 Degenerative high-frequency compensation.- 16.8 Low-frequency compensation.- 16.9 The selection of tubes and transistors for video amplifiers.- 16.10 Typical transistor video amplifier circuits.- 16.11 Integrated circuits.- 16.12 Troubles in video-amplifier circuits.- Summary.- 17 DC Reinsertion.- 17.1 The DC component of video signals.- 17.2 Reinserting the DC component.- 17.3 DC reinsertion with a diode.- 17.4 Television receivers that do not employ DC restoration.- 17.5 DC restorers in color receivers 17.6 Troubles in DC restorer circuits.- Summary.- 18 TV Picture Tubes.- 18.1 Picture-tube specificatons.- 18.2 The electron gun.- 18.3 Electron-beam deflection.- 18.4 Electromagnetic deflection with electrostatic focus.- 18.5 Ion spots.- 18.6 Problems in obtaining brightness and contrast.- 18.7 Rectangular screens and tube-safety shields.- 18.8 Color-picture tube with a delta gun and color-dot triads.- 18.9 RCA in-line gun, color-picture tube.- 18.10 Trinitron-picture tube.- 18.11 Tri-potential color tube.- 18.12 Picture-tube protection considerations.- 18.13 Troubles in monochrome and color-picture tubes.- Summary.- 19 Low Voltage TV Power Supplies.- 19.1 Types of power supplies.- 19.2 Rectifiers.- 19.3 Filters.- 19.4 Transformer and transformerless power supplies.- 19.5 Voltage multipliers.- 19.6 Voltage regulators.- 19.7 The zener diode regulator.- 19.8 The series-pass transistor regulator.- 19.9 Three-terminal voltage regulators.- 19.10 Switching regulators.- 19.11 Solid-state monochrome power supplies.- 19.12 A hybrid color TV power supply.- 19.13 Horizontal frequency power supply.- 19.14 Troubles in low-voltage TV power supplies.- Summary.- 20 Synchronizing Circuits.- 20.1 Effects of loss of synchronization.- 20.2 Syncronizing pulse and video signal separation.- 20.3 Syncronizing pulse separator circuits.- 20.4 Reduction of noise to improve syncrhonization.- 20.5 Transistor noise-cancellation circuits.- 20.6 Syncronizing pulse separator in an RCA IC.- 20.7 Vertical and horizontal pulse separation.- 20.8 Function of the equalizing pulses.- 20.9 Vertical syncronizing pulse and equalizing pulse display.- 20.10 Syncrhonizing troubles.- Summary.- 21 Vertical Oscillators and Digital Countdown.- 21.1 Requirement for sawtooth current.- 21.2 Need for trapezoidal wave forms.- 21.3 The vacuum tube blocking oscillator.- 21.4 Vacuum tube blocking oscillator, sawtooth generator.- 21.5 Transistor blocking oscillators.- 21.6 A transistor-blocking oscillator, vertical deflection system.- 21.7 Vacuum tube plate-coupled multivibrators.- 21.8 Plate-coupled, multivibrator sawtooth generator.- 21.9 Combination vacuum tube multivibrator and output stave.- 21.10 Vacuum tube cathode-coupled multivibrators.- 21.11 Cathode-coupled, multivibrator-sawtooth generator.- 21.12 Synchronizing the multivibrator.- 21.13 Transistor multivibrator oscillators.- 21.14 Transistor, combination multivibrator and output stage.- 21.15 Miller integrator, vertical-deflection circuit.- 21.16 Digital vertical countdown circuits.- 21.17 Troubles in verticle deflection oscillator systems.- Summary.- 22 Horizontal Oscillators and Horizontal AFC.- 22.1 Fundamentals of horizontal AFC.- 22.2 Vacuum tube AFC and multivibrator circuits.- 22.3 Multivibrator stabilization.- 22.4 Solid-state AFC and Hartley oscillator circuits.- 22.5 Solid-state AFC and blocking oscillator.- 22.6 Reactance-controlled, sinusoidal oscillator.- 22.7 Digital horizontal countdown.- 22.8 Troubles in horizontal oscillator and AFC systems.- Summary.- 23 Horizontal Output Deflection Circuits and High Voltage.- 23.1 Horizontal output block diagram.- 23.2 Vacuum tube monochrome circuits.- 23.3 Flyback high voltage.- 23.4 Solid-state monochrome TV circuits.- 23.5 Transistor horizontal output circuits.- 23.6 Solid-state dampers.- 23.7 NPN and PNP horizontal output stages.- 23.8 Adjustments in monochrome TV receivers.- 23.9 Vacuum tube color TV horizontal output circuits.- 23.10 Solid-state color TV horizontal output circuits.- 23.11 Pincushion (PIN) distortion.- 23.12 Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) horizontal output circuits.- 23.13 Horizontal output transformers and special assemblies.- 23.14 Deflection yokes.- 23.15 Horizontal high-voltage components.- 23.16 Adjustments in color-TV horizontal systems.- 23.17 X-ray emission.- 23.18 X-ray protection circuits.- 23.19 Troubles in horizontal-deflection circuits.- 23.20 High-voltage troubles.- 23.21 Relationship between horizontal and high-voltage problems.- Summary.- 24 Vertical Output Deflection Circuits.- 24.1 Operation of vertical-deflection circuits.- 24.2 Special requirements for monochrome TV transistor vertical-deflection circuits.- 24.3 Special requirements for color transistor and vacuum tube vertical output circuits.- 24.4 Vertical dynamic convergence.- 24.5 Vertical blanking.- 24.6 Monochrome TV vacuum tube vertical output circuit.- 24.7 Monochrome TV transistor vertical output circuits.- 24.8 Color transistor vertical output circuit.- 24.9 Vertical output transformers.- 24.10 Vertical yokes.- 24.11 Troubles in vertical output circuits.- Summary.- 25 The FM Sound System.- 25.1 Review of AM and FM systems.- 25.2 Glossary of FM terminology.- 25.3 Properties of FM waves.- 25.4 Advantages and disadvantages of FM.- 25.5 Preemphasis and deemphasis.- 25.6 The TV receiver FM sound section.- 25.7 The 4.5-MHz sound-IF amplifier.- 25.8 Sound-IF limiting.- 25.9 A basic FM discriminator.- 25.10 The Foster-Seeley discriminator.- 25.11 The ratio detector.- 25.12 The quadrature detector.- 25.13 The transistor quadrature detector.- 25.14 The phase-locked loop (PLL) FM detector.- 25.15 A digital FM demodulator.- 25.16 The FM differential peak detector.- 25.17 A complete vacuum tube sound section.- 25.18 A complete transistor sound section.- 25.19 A partial 1C sound section.- 25.20 A complete IC sound section.- 25.21 Complementary-symmetry audio push-pull output stage.- Summary.- 26 Color TV Receiver Circuit Analysis, Test Equipment and Alignment.- 26.1 The monochrome section.- 26.2 The color section.- 26.3 Equipment for TV receiver alignment.- 26.4 The oscilloscope.- 26.5 Sweep alignment generators.- 26.6 RF signal generators.- 26.7 Marker signals.- 26.8 Color pattern generators.- 26.9 Solid state (analog and digital) multimeters.- 26.10 Alignment using frequency-sweep generator.- 26.11 Alignment using bar sweep generator.- 26.12 Horizontal AFC and anode voltage adjustments.- 26.13 Color picture tube adjustments Summary.- 27 Servicing and Troubleshooting Television Receivers.- 27.1 Color-picture tube test jig.- 27.2 Transistor tester 27.3 Picture-tube analyzer and restorer.- 27.4 Picture-tube brighteners.- 27.5 High-voltage probes.- 27.6 Substitute tuner (subber).- 27.7 Horizontal-output transformers, horizontal yoke and vertical-yoke testing.- 27.8 Analysis and isolation of TV-receiver malfunctions 27.9 Isolation by observation.- 27.10 Localizing color troubles by observation.- 27.11 Signal injection.- 27.12 Signal tracing.- 27.13 Troubleshooting the tuner section.- 27.14 Troubleshooting the video-IF and video-detector circuits.- 27.15 Troubleshooting the AGC section.- 27.16 Troubleshooting the video amplifiers.- 27.17 Troubleshooting picture tubes and associated circuits.- 27.18 Troubleshooting low-voltage power supplies.- 27.19 Troubleshooting sync-separator stages.- 27.20 Troubleshooting the vertical-deflection system.- 27.21 Troubleshooting the horizontal-deflection system.- 27.22 Guidepoints for troubleshooting color-TV receivers.- 27.23 Color-TV receiver troubles in monochrome circuits.- 27.24 Color-TV receiver troubles in color circuits.- Summary.- Appendices.- Appendix I: U.S. Television Channels and Related Frequencies.- Appendix II. Frequently Used Metric Units.- Appendix III: SI Unit Prefixes.- Appendix IV: Binary Numbers.- Answers to Selected Questions and Problems.