| Introduction to Telesurgery | p. 1 |
| Introduction to Telemedicine | p. 1 |
| What Is Telesurgery? | p. 1 |
| Does the Robot Actually Perform the Surgery? | p. 2 |
| Telementoring and Telestration | p. 2 |
| Telesurgery: Foregoing Technologies | p. 3 |
| Further Developments | p. 3 |
| How Many Patients Have Had Robotic Telesurgery? Who Is Eligible? | p. 5 |
| Patient Acceptance | p. 6 |
| Scope of Telesurgery | p. 6 |
| Relevance of Telesurgery in Developing Countries | p. 6 |
| Rewards of Telesurgery | p. 7 |
| Summary | p. 7 |
| Bibliography | p. 8 |
| Computer-Assisted Remote Surgery | p. 9 |
| Introduction | p. 9 |
| Education and Training | p. 9 |
| Preoperative Diagnostics | p. 10 |
| Preoperative Planning | p. 12 |
| Intraoperative Applications: Augmented Reality | p. 12 |
| Remote Surgery | p. 14 |
| Future Developments | p. 17 |
| Summary | p. 17 |
| References | p. 18 |
| Telesurgery in Urology | p. 21 |
| Introduction | p. 21 |
| Overview of Telesurgery and Robotics in Urology | p. 22 |
| Master-Slave Robots | p. 24 |
| Remote Surgery and Telementoring | p. 28 |
| Telemedicine and Urology | p. 29 |
| Future Directions | p. 30 |
| Summary | p. 30 |
| References | p. 31 |
| Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Brachytherapy for Lung Cancer | p. 33 |
| Lung Cancer Brachytherapy | p. 33 |
| Robotic Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery | p. 36 |
| Adjuvant Brachytherapy for Lung Cancer | p. 37 |
| Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Brachytherapy for Lung Cancer | p. 38 |
| Lung Tumor Localization | p. 38 |
| Needle Tracking and Guidance | p. 39 |
| Brachytherapy Treatment Planning | p. 39 |
| Brachytherapy Seed Delivery System | p. 40 |
| System at Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics | p. 40 |
| Limitations and Future Directions | p. 46 |
| Conclusion | p. 47 |
| Summary | p. 47 |
| References | p. 48 |
| Robotic-Assisted Heller Myotomy | p. 53 |
| Background | p. 53 |
| Etiology | p. 53 |
| Diagnosis | p. 54 |
| Treatment | p. 54 |
| Mechanical Dilatation | p. 54 |
| Medical Management | p. 55 |
| Chemical Paralysis | p. 55 |
| Surgical Esophagomyotomy | p. 55 |
| Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy | p. 56 |
| Robotically Assisted Heller Myotomy | p. 56 |
| Surgical Technique | p. 57 |
| Heller Myotomy | p. 58 |
| Antireflux Procedure | p. 59 |
| Global Experience | p. 60 |
| Discussion | p. 62 |
| Summary | p. 64 |
| References | p. 64 |
| Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Low-Cost Options | p. 67 |
| Introduction | p. 67 |
| Problems of Endoscopic Surgery | p. 71 |
| Disturbed Hand-Eye Coordination | p. 71 |
| Limited Range of Motion | p. 71 |
| Limited Spherical Vision | p. 72 |
| Solutions for Endoscopic Surgery | p. 72 |
| Geometry of Laparoscopy | p. 72 |
| Working Ergonomics of Laparoscopy | p. 74 |
| Adjustment of Needle and Needle Holder | p. 74 |
| Instruments with Six Degrees of Freedom | p. 75 |
| Stereovision | p. 77 |
| Robotic Camera Holders | p. 77 |
| Passive Holders for Camera and Instruments | p. 78 |
| Master-Slave Systems | p. 79 |
| Experimental Robotic Manipulators | p. 80 |
| Clinically Used Robotic Manipulators | p. 80 |
| Mechanical Manipulator | p. 81 |
| Actual Boom of Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy | p. 84 |
| Disadvantages of the da Vinci Device | p. 84 |
| Lack of Tactile Feedback | p. 84 |
| Coordination with the Assistant | p. 84 |
| Learning Curve | p. 85 |
| High Investment and Running Costs | p. 85 |
| Future Perspectives and Directions | p. 86 |
| Summary | p. 86 |
| References | p. 86 |
| The Tele-Echography Robot: a Robot for Remote Ultrasonic Examination | p. 91 |
| Introduction | p. 91 |
| The TER System | p. 92 |
| System Architecture | p. 92 |
| TER Releases | p. 93 |
| Experimental Evaluations | p. 94 |
| Clinical Experiments | p. 95 |
| Clinical Feasibility for Angiology Application | p. 95 |
| Focused Assessment Sonography for Trauma versus TER in Emergency Trauma Diagnosis | p. 96 |
| Conclusion | p. 97 |
| Summary | p. 98 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 98 |
| References | p. 98 |
| Information Support for Telesurgery | p. 101 |
| Introduction | p. 101 |
| Presentation System | p. 102 |
| Presentation Interface of Multiple Data | p. 102 |
| Presentation Methods for the Main View | p. 104 |
| Transmission Control | p. 105 |
| Network-Level Transmission Control | p. 106 |
| Application-Level Transmission Control | p. 107 |
| Data Generation | p. 108 |
| Conclusion | p. 109 |
| Summary | p. 109 |
| References | p. 110 |
| Haptics in Telerobotic Systems for Minimally Invasive Surgery | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 113 |
| Mechanisms for Haptic Teleoperation | p. 114 |
| Haptic HMI (Master) | p. 115 |
| Sensorized Robot (Slave) | p. 115 |
| Communication and Control for Haptic Teleoperation | p. 117 |
| Experiments: Haptic Telerobotic Palpation of Soft Tissue | p. 118 |
| Related Research Problems | p. 119 |
| Sensory Substitution for Haptic Feedback | p. 119 |
| Time-Delay Compensation in Haptic Teleoperation | p. 121 |
| Haptics-Assisted Training | p. 121 |
| Conclusion | p. 122 |
| Summary | p. 122 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 123 |
| References | p. 123 |
| Robotic Surgery in Ophthalmology | p. 125 |
| Introduction | p. 125 |
| Institute and Global Experience | p. 127 |
| External Ocular Surgery | p. 127 |
| Anterior Segment Surgery | p. 131 |
| Posterior Segment Surgery | p. 131 |
| Conclusions | p. 134 |
| Education and Training Opportunities | p. 135 |
| Future Directions | p. 136 |
| Telerobotic Surgery | p. 136 |
| Telerobotic Mentoring | p. 136 |
| Novel Imaging Acquisition | p. 137 |
| Conclusions | p. 137 |
| Summary | p. 137 |
| References | p. 137 |
| Telesurgery and Computerized Smell Simulators | p. 141 |
| Introduction | p. 141 |
| The Importance of Simulation | p. 141 |
| The Sense of Smell and Medicine | p. 141 |
| Scent Technology | p. 142 |
| Education and Training | p. 144 |
| Practical Applications | p. 144 |
| Computerized Scent and Patient Simulators | p. 144 |
| Computerized Scent and Haptic Surgical Simulators | p. 146 |
| Future Directions | p. 149 |
| Summary | p. 150 |
| References | p. 150 |
| Telementoring in Endocrine Surgery | p. 153 |
| Background | p. 153 |
| Global Experience | p. 155 |
| Education and Training | p. 156 |
| Future Directions | p. 157 |
| Summary | p. 158 |
| References | p. 158 |
| Training in Telesurgery: Building a Successful Program | p. 161 |
| Introduction | p. 161 |
| Methods | p. 161 |
| Telemanipulative Instrumentation | p. 161 |
| Telesurgery Program Development | p. 164 |
| Surgical Training Curriculum | p. 165 |
| Results | p. 166 |
| Discussion | p. 168 |
| Summary | p. 169 |
| References | p. 169 |
| Telesurgery and the Law | p. 171 |
| Introduction | p. 171 |
| Licensure | p. 171 |
| Accreditation | p. 172 |
| Privacy | p. 172 |
| Malpractice Liability | p. 173 |
| Conclusion | p. 175 |
| Summary | p. 176 |
| References | p. 177 |
| Telesurgery: An Audit | p. 179 |
| Telesurgery Is Still in Its Infancy | p. 179 |
| Will Telesurgery Replace Traditional Methods? | p. 179 |
| Economics of Telesurgery | p. 180 |
| Issues Related to Telesurgery: a Brief Overview | p. 181 |
| An Outlook | p. 183 |
| Conclusion | p. 183 |
| Summary | p. 184 |
| Bibliography | p. 184 |
| Glossary | p. 185 |
| Subject Index | p. 189 |
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