Telecommunications in the United States

Trends and Policies

By: Leonard Lewin (Editor)

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Hardcover | 1 September 1981

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Hardcover
488 Pages

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22.9 x 15.2 x 3.1

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Biographies of Contributors
Foreword
Introduction
Telecommunications in the Nineties
Telecommunications in the Nineties	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
At Home	p. 1
Making Contact	p. 2
Non-Simultaneous Conversation	p. 2
Simultaneous Conversation	p. 4
Accessing and Entering Data	p. 4
Entertainment	p. 8
Household Systems	p. 8
At Work	p. 9
The Big Network	p. 10
The Office Desk	p. 13
Text and Data Management	p. 16
Teleconferencing	p. 19
The Briefcase Office	p. 20
System Control Functions	p. 21
Service Bureaus	p. 22
Hurdles	p. 23
International Concerns	p. 23
Regulation and Competition	p. 24
Energy Conservation	p. 25
Coping	p. 26
Sources of Sress	p. 26
Minimizing Stress	p. 28
Minimizing Strain	p. 29
Maximizing Productivity	p. 30
References	p. 31
Political and Regulatory Trends
Competition and Deregulation in Telecommunications: The American Experience	p. 37
The Historical Background
Events Before the Creation of the FCC	p. 38
FCC Regulation	p. 41
The Present Era: Competition Returns	p. 42
Data Communications: A New Public Need	p. 42
Terminal Equipment Competition	p. 45
Early Competition in Intercity Transmission	p. 47
"Specialized Common Carriers"	p. 49
Domestic Satellite Services	p. 52
"Value-Added Networks" or Resale Carriers	p. 53
The Consequences of the New Competitive Market Structure	p. 54
Conclusion	p. 58
References	p. 58
The Recent Deregulatory Movement at the FCC	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Broadcasting	p. 63
Cable Television	p. 65
Common Carriers	p. 66
Recent Domestic Common Carrier Decisions	p. 67
Recent International Common Carrier Decisions	p. 69
Private Radio Services	p. 70
Frequency Spectrum Deregulation	p. 71
Communications Areas That Have Not Been Deregulated	p. 72
Television Broadcasting	p. 72
Common Carrier	p. 74
Spectrum Deregulation	p. 74
Conclusion	p. 75
References	p. 75
Communications Satellites	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Intelsat	p. 86
Intelsat Policy Towards Non-Intelsat Satellite Systems	p. 88
The United States Policy	p. 90
Framing a Policy Towards the Intelsat of the 80's	p. 93
Conclusion	p. 94
References	p. 95
Trends in Broadcasting
Spectrum Utilization in Broadcasting	p. 101
AM Radio	p. 101
Early History and the Clear Channel Proceeding	p. 101
The 9 kHz Channel Spacing Proposal	p. 105
Above 1605 kHz	p. 114
Compatible Single Sideband and Single Sideband	p. 114
Low Frequency Broadcasting	p. 115
Frequency Modulation (FM)	p. 118
Background	p. 118
Classes of Stations and the Protected Contour	p. 121
Directional Antennas (D.A.'s)	p. 122
Effects of Terrain on Propagation	p. 124
Adjacent Channel Allocations	p. 125
Reduced Channel Spacing	p. 126
SCA and FM Quad	p. 127
Noncommercial FM	p. 128
Television	p. 130
Short History	p. 130
VHF Drop-ins	p. 132
UHF TV
Low Power TV	p. 140
Teletext and Viewdata, and TV Stereo	p. 151
ITFS and MDS	p. 152
Direct Broadcast Satellites	p. 154
Cable TV	p. 155
References	p. 157
The Prospects for Public Broadcasting	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Technology	p. 168
Overview	p. 168
Implications for Public Broadcasting	p. 173
Societal Trends	p. 179
Overview	p. 179
Implications for Public Broadcasting	p. 184
Policy and Regulations	p. 189
Overview	p. 189
Implications for Public Broadcasting	p. 195
The Public Broadcasting Community	p. 200
Overview	p. 200
System Profile	p. 201
Continuing Dilemmas	p. 208
Conclusion	p. 216
Glossary of Organizations	p. 219
References	p. 221
Trends Toward Innovative Applications
The Future of the Newspaper Industry	p. 231
Introduction	p. 231
Technology	p. 231
Information Gathering	p. 232
Information Processing/Storage	p. 232
Dissemination	p. 233
Newspaper Industry	p. 237
Competition	p. 240
Marketplace	p. 244
Conclusion	p. 246
References	p. 247
The Practice of Teleconferencing	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Types of Teleconferencing	p. 251
Purposes of This Chapter	p. 252
Topics Covered	p. 253
An Historical Perspective	p. 254
Audioconferencing	p. 254
Videoconferencing	p. 254
User Research	p. 255
Effectiveness	p. 256
Research on Effectiveness and Costs	p. 256
An Alternative to the Research Paradigm	p. 258
Substitution for Travel and Conservation of Energy	p. 259
Teleconferencing in Other Spheres	p. 260
Conclusions	p. 261
Audioconferencing	p. 262
Audiconferencing Rooms	p. 262
Audio Terminals	p. 263
Identification of Speakers and Transmission of Images	p. 265
Transmission	p. 267
Conference Bridges	p. 268
Some Guidelines	p. 270
Videoconferencing	p. 273
Total Services	p. 273
Forthcoming Services	p. 274
Videoconferencing Rooms	p. 275
Terminal Equipment	p. 276
Transmission Systems	p. 276
Switching	p. 278
Some Guidelines	p. 278
In Conclusion	p. 279
Bibliography	p. 280
Network Switching	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Switching Network Hierarchy	p. 284
Switching Technology	p. 286
Digital Switching	p. 288
Factors Affecting Switching Networks	p. 290
Governmental Regulation	p. 291
Component Technology	p. 291
Satellite Communication	p. 291
Data Communication	p. 291
Office Automation	p. 292
Evolving Digital Networks	p. 292
Telco Networks	p. 292
Specialized Common Carrier (SCC) Network	p. 294
Corporate Network	p. 295
Data Networks	p. 298
Service Integration Through Digital Networks	p. 299
Networks of the Future	p. 300
References	p. 302
EFTS: Requirements for Cryptographic Authentication	p. 305
Cryptography and EFT Systems	p. 305
Abstract	p. 305
Introduction	p. 306
Security Exposures in EFT Systems	p. 309
Identification and Authentication of System Users	p. 312
Requirements for Personal Identification and Message Authentication	p. 313
Background	p. 313
Requirements	p. 320
Advantages of One-way Functions for Personal Verification	p. 332
Special Key Management Requirements for an Authenticated Parameter With Insufficient Number of Combinations	p. 337
Number of Trials Needed to Exhaust the Combinations of PIN	p. 341
Non-Secure Entry Points	p. 348
Personal Verification, Off-line Mode	p. 348
Summary and Conclusions	p. 363
Glossary	p. 363
References	p. 364
The Impact of International Trends on US Telecommunications
Law and Policy in International Business	p. 369
Introduction	p. 369
Problems and Prospects of Transborder Data Flows in an Interdependent World	p. 371
Efficiency of International Communications Links	p. 371
Information Products and Services	p. 373
Transnational Data Flows in the Context of the World Economy	p. 374
Role of Computer and Communications in the World -- the Source of Aggravation	p. 375
The Emerging Information Barriers	p. 375
Traditional Restrictions on Data Flow	p. 375
Newer Forms of Data and Information Control	p. 376
Vulnerability of the United States	p. 388
Outline of a US Communications and Information Policy	p. 390
Approaching the Developing Countries	p. 391
Confronting our Concerns with Europe, Canada, and Japan	p. 393
Protection of Information in the United States	p. 395
Toward a World Information Policy	p. 399
Summary	p. 399
References	p. 401
The Role of Telecommunications in the Development Process: Rural Telecommunications in the Developing Countries	p. 415
The Context	p. 415
The Developing Country Context	p. 415
The Telecommunications Environment	p. 416
Developing Country Concerns	p. 418
Contributions of Telecommunications	p. 418
Benefits of Telecommunications to Development	p. 418
Hypotheses on Indirect Benefits	p. 420
Rural Telephone Users and Usage	p. 422
Constraints on the Import of Telecommunications	p. 425
Examples of Telecommunications Applications for Development	p. 426
Social Service Delivery	p. 426
Economic Development	p. 430
Migration	p. 432
Communications and Transportation	p. 433
Contribution to Social Change	p. 433
The Potential of Satellites	p. 434
Satellites as Appropriate Technology for Rural Telecommunications	p. 434
The Alaskan Satellite Systems	p. 435
Approaches to Regional and Domestic Satellite Service	p. 436
The Need to Plan Satellite Systems for Rural Requirements	p. 438
Planning Telecommunications to Support Development	p. 439
Examples of Integrated Telecommunications Planning	p. 439
Planning Principles	p. 440
The Need for Integrated Planning	p. 442
References	p. 443
Bibliography	p. 446
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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