Systems and Applications

Systems and Applications v. 2

By: Brian Culshaw (Editor), John Dakin (Editor, Preface by)

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Hardcover | 31 August 1989

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496 Pages

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24.13 x 16.51 x 3.18

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Preface	p. xiii
Authors' Biographies	p. xvii
Interferometers	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
General principles	p. 330
Signal processing	p. 333
Optical considerations	p. 333
Electronic considerations	p. 348
Intrinsic monomode sensors	p. 355
Temperature	p. 355
Acoustic pressure sensing	p. 359
Direct and indirect sensors based on strain measurement	p. 361
Magnetometry based on Faraday rotation	p. 365
Extrinsic sensors	p. 366
Introduction	p. 366
Fiber properties	p. 367
Laser velocimetry	p. 369
Remote vibration measurement	p. 371
Holography	p. 373
Other applications	p. 374
Conclusions	p. 375
References	p. 376
Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
Introduction	p. 381
Principle of an interferometric fiber optic gyroscope	p. 382
Sagnac effect	p. 382
Sensitivity and single-mode reciprocity	p. 386
Biasing modulation-demodulation scheme	p. 388
Noise and drift	p. 391
Multiple path parasitic effects	p. 392
Backreflection and backscattering	p. 392
Birefringence and lack of polarization filtering	p. 396
Multiple path control with "white light" interferometry	p. 398
Transient parasitic effects	p. 404
Truly nonreciprocal effects	p. 405
Magneto-optic Faraday effect	p. 405
Nonlinear Kerr effect	p. 406
Technological implementations and related performances	p. 408
Source and sensing fiber coil	p. 408
"Heart" of the interferometer	p. 408
Detector	p. 413
Open loop sensitivity	p. 416
Scale factor accuracy	p. 417
Closed loop (or phase nulling) operation	p. 417
Wavelength control	p. 422
Future domains of application	p. 424
Comments about interferometric fiber gyros versus resonant fiber gyros	p. 425
Conclusion	p. 425
References	p. 427
Intensity and Wavelength-based Sensors and Optical Actuators
Introduction	p. 431
Intensity-modulation limitations	p. 432
Wavelength-modulation limitations	p. 434
Intensity-based sensors	p. 435
Fiber displacement and shutter-modulated sensors	p. 435
Reflective sensors	p. 437
Fiber loss sensors	p. 438
Evanescent field sensors	p. 441
Absorption and light scattering sensors	p. 442
Digitally encoded sensors based on intensity modulation	p. 443
Refractive index sensors	p. 443
Other intensity sensors	p. 445
Intensity referencing	p. 446
Balanced bridge	p. 446
Divided beam systems	p. 447
Two-wavelength referencing	p. 448
Spectrally encoded sensors	p. 449
Optical radiation pyrometer	p. 450
Photoluminescent (fluorescent and phosphorescent) temperature sensors	p. 451
Temperature dependent sensors	p. 452
Displacement monitoring using spectral filtering techniques	p. 454
Hybrid sensors	p. 455
Hybrid nonresonant systems	p. 457
Hybrid resonant sensors	p. 461
Resonant sensors	p. 467
Optical actuation	p. 468
Conclusions	p. 469
References	p. 470
Silicon in Optical Fiber Sensors
Introduction	p. 475
Mechanical and optical properties of silicon	p. 476
Mechanical properties of silicon	p. 477
Optical properties of silicon	p. 481
Basic features of resonant transducers	p. 485
Silicon micromachining	p. 491
Optically energized micromechanical resonator transducers	p. 495
Silicon integrated optics	p. 504
Discussions and conclusions	p. 507
Acknowledgments	p. 508
References	p. 508
Point Sensor Multiplexing Principles
Introduction	p. 511
Generalized fiber optic sensor network	p. 514
Fiber optic sensor network as an information-generating and transmitting system	p. 516
Network architectures	p. 521
Network topologies	p. 521
Network power budget	p. 525
Maximum number of sensors	p. 527
Incoherent multiplexing	p. 531
Spatial-division multiplexing (SDM)	p. 531
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)	p. 535
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)	p. 544
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)	p. 548
Interferometric sensor multiplexing	p. 554
Pulse-generated-carrier (PGC) technique	p. 555
Path-matched differential interferometry (PMDI)	p. 558
Coherence multiplexing (CM)	p. 560
Time-division multiplexing	p. 561
Frequency-division multiplexing	p. 564
Conclusions	p. 569
References	p. 570
Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor Systems
Introduction	p. 575
Backscattered sensors using the OTDR concept (general)	p. 576
Monitoring of variations in attenuation using OTDR	p. 580
Variations in Rayleigh backscatter characteristics	p. 581
Distributed anti-Stokes Raman thermometry (DART)	p. 584
Time-domain fluorescence monitoring	p. 589
The optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique	p. 589
The transmissive FMCW method for disturbance location	p. 591
Distributed sensing using amplification as a result of a counter-propagating optical pump pulse	p. 592
The Sagnac ring interferometer as a distributed sensor for time-varying physical fields	p. 593
Conclusions	p. 595
References	p. 596
Chemical, Biochemical, and Medical Sensors
Introduction	p. 599
Features of optical chemical sensors	p. 599
Spectroscopic parameters	p. 601
Absorption	p. 601
Reflectance	p. 602
Luminescence	p. 603
Scattering	p. 603
Fiber optic probes and instrumentation	p. 604
Probe geometry	p. 605
Twin-lightguide type	p. 605
Surface waveguide (evanescent mode devices)	p. 607
Single-fiber Y-coupled arrangement	p. 608
Spectrometers	p. 609
Gas spectroscopy	p. 610
Gas absorption monitors	p. 610
Raman spectroscopy	p. 613
Refractive index and liquid-level sensors	p. 613
Turbidity (or scattering) measurements	p. 616
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) sensing	p. 617
Oximetry	p. 621
Oxygen reflectance spectroscopy	p. 621
Oxygen reagent sensor	p. 622
Carbon dioxide sensing	p. 623
Glucose sensor	p. 623
Chemical ions	p. 624
Immunological assay	p. 625
Optical evanescent wave spectroscopy	p. 626
Surface reaction measurement	p. 628
Sensor probe geometry	p. 631
Surface plasmon resonance	p. 632
Physical sensors for medical applications	p. 634
Pressure sensors	p. 636
Blood velocity and flow	p. 637
Temperature sensors	p. 640
Conclusions	p. 645
References	p. 646
Physical and Chemical Sensors for Process Control
Introduction	p. 653
On-off sensors	p. 654
Optical fiber interrupters	p. 654
Optical microswitches	p. 658
Temperature sensors	p. 662
Semiconductor absorpton sensor	p. 662
Semiconductor photoluminescence sensor	p. 663
Phosphor sensor	p. 666
Applications of point-contact sensors	p. 668
Pyrometers	p. 669
Image sensors (endoscope)	p. 673
Mechanical sensors	p. 675
Displacement sensor using Y-guide probes	p. 675
Pressure sensors	p. 677
Acceleration sensors	p. 679
Flow sensors	p. 682
Chemical sensors	p. 685
Liquid-level sensors	p. 685
Oil-leak sensors	p. 688
Gas sensors	p. 688
Optical fiber sensor system	p. 692
Conclusion	p. 695
References	p. 695
Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors in the Aerospace and Marine Industries
Introduction	p. 701
Aerospace instrumentation	p. 702
Flight control systems	p. 704
Navigational instrumentation and gyroscopes	p. 709
Gas turbine engine monitoring and testing	p. 710
Testing of advanced aerospace materials	p. 712
Marine applications	p. 716
Sensor systems	p. 718
Discussion and conclusions	p. 718
References	p. 719
Some Other Applications for Fiber Optic Sensors
Introduction	p. 721
Security and safety systems	p. 722
Introduction	p. 722
Fire and smoke detection	p. 723
Intrusion detection and contact sensing	p. 725
Monitoring the integrity of structures	p. 727
Introduction	p. 727
Crack detection	p. 729
Strain measurement	p. 733
Acoustic emission detection	p. 738
Noncontact measurement and inspection	p. 739
Introduction	p. 739
Laser velocity and vibration measurement	p. 740
Generation and detection of ultrasound for nondestructive evaluation (NDE)	p. 742
Sensors for the electrical power industry	p. 745
Introduction	p. 745
Current sensors	p. 746
Magnetic field sensors	p. 752
Voltage sensors	p. 753
Fault-locating systems	p. 756
Temperature sensors	p. 758
Conclusions related to market situation	p. 759
References	p. 761
The Market Situation
Introduction	p. 767
Market considerations	p. 768
The research and development market	p. 770
Sensors research and development in context	p. 770
World research and development activity	p. 772
Overview of UK research and development activity	p. 774
Micromachined silicon devices	p. 777
The commercial market	p. 778
Conclusions	p. 780
Appendix	p. 783
Index	p. 789
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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