Syntactic Theory

A Formal Introduction, 2nd Edition

By: Ivan A. Sag, Thomas Wasow, Emily M. Bender

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Paperback | 30 September 2003 | Edition Number 2

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This second edition of Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction expands and improves upon a truly unique introductory syntax textbook. Like the first edition, its focus is on the development of precisely formulated grammars whose empirical predictions can be directly tested. There is also considerable emphasis on the prediction and evaluation of grammatical hypotheses, as well as on integrating syntactic hypotheses with matters of semantic analysis.

The book covers the core areas of English syntax from the last quarter century, including complementation, control, "raising constructions," passives, the auxiliary system, and the analysis of long distance dependency constructions. Syntactic Theory's step-by-step introduction to a consistent grammar in these core areas is complemented by extensive problem sets drawing from a variety of languages.

The book's theoretical perspective is presented in the context of current models of language processing, and the practical value of the constraint-based, lexicalist grammatical architecture proposed has already been demonstrated in computer language processing applications. This thoroughly reworked second edition includes revised and extended problem sets, updated analyses, additional examples, and more detailed exposition throughout.

Praise for the first edition:
"Syntactic Theory sets a new standard for introductory syntax volumes that all future books should be measured against."-Gert Webelhuth, Journal of Linguistics

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Non-Fiction Language & Linguistics Linguistics Grammar, Syntax & Morphology Reference, Dictionaries & Guides

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Two Conceptions of Grammar	p. 1
An Extended Example: Reflexive and Nonreflexive Pronouns	p. 3
Remarks on the History of the Study of Grammar	p. 7
Why Study Syntax?	p. 9
Phenomena Addressed	p. 16
Summary	p. 18
Further Reading	p. 18
Problems	p. 19
Some Simple Theories of Grammar	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Two Simplistic Syntactic Theories	p. 22
Context-Free Phrase Structure Grammar	p. 26
Applying Context-Free Grammar	p. 29
Trees Revisited	p. 33
CFG as a Theory of Natural Language Grammar	p. 35
Problems with CFG	p. 36
Transformational Grammar	p. 40
What Are Grammars Theories Of?	p. 42
Summary	p. 43
Further Reading	p. 44
Problems	p. 44
Analyzing Features of Grammatical Categories	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Feature Structures	p. 50
The Linguistic Application of Feature Structures	p. 59
Phrase Structure Trees	p. 74
Summary	p. 83
The Chapter 3 Grammar	p. 84
Further Reading	p. 88
Problems	p. 88
Complex Feature Values	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Complements	p. 94
Specifiers	p. 100
Applying the Rules	p. 103
The Valence Principle	p. 105
Agreement Revisited	p. 107
Coordination and Agreement	p. 116
Case Marking	p. 117
Summary	p. 117
The Chapter 4 Grammar	p. 118
Further Reading	p. 122
Problems	p. 122
Semantics	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Semantics and Pragmatics	p. 132
Linguistic Meaning	p. 134
How Semantics Fits In	p. 140
The Semantic Principles	p. 143
Modification	p. 145
Coordination Revisited	p. 149
Quantifiers	p. 151
Summary	p. 155
The Chapter 5 Grammar	p. 155
Further Reading	p. 160
Problems	p. 161
How the Grammar Works	p. 165
A Factorization of Grammatical Information	p. 165
Examples	p. 169
Appendix: Well-Formed Structures	p. 192
Problems	p. 198
Binding Theory	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Binding Theory of Chapter 1 Revisited	p. 204
A Feature-Based Formulation of Binding Theory	p. 205
Two Problems for Binding Theory	p. 208
Examples	p. 213
Imperatives and Binding	p. 216
The Argument Realization Principle Revisited	p. 219
Summary	p. 221
Changes to the Grammar	p. 221
Further Reading	p. 222
Problems	p. 223
The Structure of the Lexicon	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Lexemes	p. 228
Default Constraint Inheritance	p. 229
Some Lexemes of Our Grammar	p. 236
The FORM Feature	p. 246
Lexical Rules	p. 250
Inflectional Rules	p. 251
Derivational Rules	p. 260
Summary	p. 264
Further Reading	p. 265
Problems	p. 265
Realistic Grammar	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
The Grammar So Far	p. 272
Constraint-Based Lexicalism	p. 294
Modeling Performance	p. 295
A Performance-Plausible Competence Grammar	p. 300
Universal Grammar: A Mental Organ?	p. 305
Summary	p. 309
Further Reading	p. 309
Problems	p. 309
The Passive Construction	p. 311
Introduction	p. 311
Basic Data	p. 311
The Passive Lexical Rule	p. 312
The Verb Be in Passive Sentences	p. 319
An Example	p. 321
Summary	p. 327
Changes to the Grammar	p. 328
Further Reading	p. 328
Problems	p. 329
Nominal Types: Dummies and Idioms	p. 333
Introduction	p. 333
Be Revisited	p. 333
The Existential There	p. 335
Extraposition	p. 338
Idioms	p. 347
Summary	p. 350
Changes to the Grammar	p. 350
Further Reading	p. 356
Problems	p. 356
Infinitival Complements	p. 361
Introduction	p. 361
The Infinitival To	p. 361
The Verb Continue	p. 364
The Verb Try	p. 371
Subject Raising and Subject Control	p. 376
Object Raising and Object Control	p. 377
Summary	p. 382
Changes to the Grammar	p. 382
Further Reading	p. 384
Problems	p. 385
Auxiliary Verbs	p. 391
Introduction	p. 391
The Basic Analysis	p. 392
The NICE Properties	p. 401
Auxiliary Do	p. 402
Analyzing the NICE Properties	p. 403
Summary	p. 419
Changes to the Grammar	p. 419
Further Reading	p. 423
Problems	p. 424
Long-Distance Dependencies	p. 427
Introduction	p. 427
Some Data	p. 427
Formulating the Problem	p. 429
Formulating a Solution	p. 430
Subject Gaps	p. 442
The Coordinate Structure Constraint	p. 443
Summary	p. 446
Changes to the Grammar	p. 446
Further Reading	p. 449
Problems	p. 450
Variation in the English Auxiliary System	p. 453
Introduction	p. 453
Auxiliary Behavior in the Main Verb Have	p. 453
African American Vernacular English	p. 455
Summary	p. 465
Further Reading	p. 466
Problems	p. 466
Sign-Based Construction Grammar	p. 469
Taking Stock	p. 469
Multiple Inheritance Hierarchies	p. 470
Words and Phrases as Signs	p. 473
Constructions	p. 475
Phrasal Constructions of Our Grammar	p. 479
Locality	p. 487
Summary	p. 489
Summary of the Grammar	p. 491
The Type Hierarchy	p. 491
Feature Declarations and Type Constraints	p. 493
Abbreviations	p. 501
The Grammar Rules	p. 501
Lexical Rules	p. 503
The Basic Lexicon	p. 509
Well-Formed Structures	p. 518
Related Grammatical Theories	p. 525
Historical Sketch of Transformational Grammar	p. 528
Constraint-Based Lexicalist Grammar	p. 532
Three Other Grammatical Frameworks	p. 539
Summary	p. 542
Answers to Exercises	p. 543
Glossary	p. 555
References	p. 571
Index	p. 585
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Syntactic Theory

A Formal Introduction, 2nd Edition

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