Communication and Cybernetics

1. Introduction to Syntactic Pattern Recognition..- 1.1 Syntactic (Structural) Approach to Pattern Recognition.- 1.2 Syntactic Pattern Recognition System.- 1.3 Selection of Pattern Primitives.- 1.3.1 Primitive Selection Emphasizing Boundaries or Skeletons.- 1.3.2 Pattern Primitives in Terms of Regions.- 1.4 Pattern Grammar.- 1.5 High-Dimensional Pattern Grammars.- 1.6 Syntax Analysis as Recognition Procedure.- 1.6.1 Recognition of Finite-State Languages.- 1.6.2 Syntax Analysis of Context-Free Languages.- 1.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2. Peak Recognition in Waveforms..- 2.1 What is a Peak?.- 2.1.1 Mathematical Definition.- 2.1.2 Syntactical Definition.- 2.2 Practical Peak Recognition.- 2.2.1 Signal and Noise.- 2.2.2 Piecewise Linear Approximation Preprocessor.- 2.2.3 Peak Recognition Algorithms.- 2.3 Application to Electrocardiography.- 2.4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3. Electrocardiogram Interpretation Using a Stochastic Finite State Model..- 3.1 The Interpretation Problem.- 3.2 A Solution to the Interpretation Problem.- 3.2.1 The Tree Structure.- 3.2.2 The Yield of a Node.- 3.2.3 The Probability of a Node.- 3.2.4 The Tree Search.- 3.3 A Simple Example.- 3.4 Application to Analog Signal Processing.- 3.5 An Example Application.- 3.5.1 The Clock Model.- 3.5.2 The Clock Pulse Detector.- 3.5.3 The Total System.- 3.6 The Solution to the Clock Signal Interpretation Problem.- 3.6.1 The Search Tree.- 3.6.2 The Abbreviated Tree Structure.- 3.6.3 The Probability of a Node.- 3.6.4 Summary of the Tree Structure.- 3.7 A Sample Clock Signal Search Tree.- 3.8 Conclusion.- References.- 4. Syntactic Recognition of Speech Patterns..- 4.1 Background.- 4.2 Preprocessing and Feature Extraction.- 4.2.1 Signal Processing.- 4.2.2 Trajectories of Speech Parameters.- 4.2.3 Distinctive Features.- 4.3 Syntax-Controlled Segmentation of Continuous Speech.- 4.4 Syntactic Recognition of Syllables and Words.- 4.5 Linguistic Interpretation of Speech Patterns.- 4.5.1 Evaluation of Hypotheses.- 4.5.2 Preselection Rules.- 4.5.3 Verification of Hypotheses.- 4.6 Automatic Learning of Speech Patterns.- 4.7 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Chinese Character Recognition..- 5.1 Historical.- 5.1.1 An Approach to Pattern Recognition.- 5.1.2 A Chinese Reading Machine.- 5.1.3 Chinese Characters.- 5.1.4 Preview.- 5.2 The Morphology of Chinese Characters.- 5.2.1 Models.- 5.2.2 Some Applications.- 5.3 Recognition of Chinese Characters.- 5.3.1 The Model.- 5.3.2 Input.- 5.3.3 Analysis of Components.- 5.3.4 Analysis of Characters.- 5.3.5 Encoding of Components.- 5.3.6 Encoding of Characters.- 5.3.7 Results.- 5.3.8 Conclusions.- 5.3.9 Other Approaches.- References.- 6. Shape Discrimination..- 6.1 Basic Considerations.- 6.2 Description of Contours in Terms of Polygons.- 6.3 Description of the Shape of Polygons.- 6.4 Fundamentals of Decomposition.- 6.5 Further Decomposition and Shape Description.- 6.6 Decomposition of Polygons with Holes.- 6.7 Implementation of the Decomposition Algorithm.- 6.8 Discussion of the Methodology.- References.- 7. Two-Dimensional Mathematical Notation..- 7.1 Mathematics Notation.- 7.2 Coordinate Grammars.- 7.3 A Syntax-Directed Recognition Algorithm.- 7.3.1 Characters.- 7.3.2 Syntactic Units.- 7.3.3 Coordinate Grammar Rules for Two-Dimensional Character Configurations.- 7.4 Scope of Recognition Capability.- 7.5 Implementation and Efficiency.- 7.6 Summary.- Appendix 7.A.- Appendix 7.B.- References.- 8. Fingerprint Classification..- 8.1 Historical Background.- 8.1.1 Fingerprint Pattern.- 8.1.2 Automatic Fingerprint Identification.- 8.2 Syntactic Approach.- 8.2.1 Digitizer.- 8.2.2 Preprocessing.- 8.2.3 Feature Extractor.- 8.2.4 Fingerprint Classifier.- 8.3 Tree Grammar Approach to Fingerprint Pattern Recognition.- 8.3.1 Tree Classifier.- 8.3.2 Tree Grammar.- 8.3.3 Grammatical Inference.- 8.3.4 Computer Simulation.- 8.4 Summary.- References.- 9. Modeling of Earth Resources Satellite Data..- 9.1 The Satellite Data.- 9.2 The Model.- 9.3 Details of the Analysis.- 9.3.1 Clouds and Shadows.- 9.3.2 The Downtown Area.- 9.4 Inferring a Grammar for the Highways.- 9.5 Summary.- References.- 10. Industrial Objects and Machine Parts Recognition..- 10.1 A Short Review of Leading Ideas.- 10.2 Levels of Knowledge.- 10.3 Hardware.- 10.3.1 Input.- 10.3.2 Output.- 10.4 Software.- 10.4.1 The Dictionary.- 10.4.2 Software Tools.- 10.5 Pattern Recognition.- 10.5.1 Preprocessing.- 10.5.2 Feature Extraction.- 10.5.3 The Grammar.- 10.5.4 The Organization of the Grammar.- 10.5.5 Some Heuristics.- 10.6 Conclusions.- References.