| List of Contributors | p. xiii |
| Foreword | p. xvii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| Water Situation | |
| An Overview of the Global Water Situation | p. 3 |
| References | p. 5 |
| Global Desalination Situation | p. 7 |
| Introduction | p. 7 |
| Historical Development | p. 8 |
| Global Installed Desalination Capacity | p. 11 |
| Regional Destination Situation | p. 17 |
| Environmental Concerns of Seawater Desalination | p. 24 |
| Summary and Conclusion | p. 35 |
| References | p. 38 |
| The Global Water Recycling Situation | p. 41 |
| Introduction | p. 41 |
| Short History of Reuse Applications | p. 43 |
| Water Recycling Today | p. 44 |
| Water Recycling in the USA | p. 45 |
| Water Recycling in Asia | p. 52 |
| Water Recycling in Europe | p. 54 |
| Water Recycling in Australia | p. 56 |
| Water Recycling in other Parts of the World | p. 58 |
| Conclusions and Further Challenges | p. 60 |
| References | p. 61 |
| Desalination Technologies | |
| Desalination: Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation | p. 65 |
| Reverse Osmosis | p. 65 |
| Membrane Distillation | p. 83 |
| References | p. 91 |
| Salinity Gradient Energy | p. 95 |
| Introduction | p. 95 |
| Theoretical Potential of Salinity Gradient Energy | p. 97 |
| Pressure-Retarded Osmosis | p. 101 |
| Reverse Electrodialysis | p. 118 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 136 |
| References | p. 137 |
| Ion-Exchange Membrane Processes in Water Treatment | p. 141 |
| Introduction | p. 141 |
| Transport of Ions in Membranes and Solutions | p. 152 |
| Ion-Exchange Membranes, and their Properties and Preparation | p. 160 |
| The Design of Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes | p. 165 |
| Applications of Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes | p. 185 |
| List of symbols | p. 196 |
| References | p. 198 |
| Water Recycling Technologies | |
| Micropollutants in Water Recycling: A Case Study of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Exposure from Water versus Food | p. 203 |
| Introduction | p. 204 |
| Characteristics, Formation, and Sources of NDMA | p. 205 |
| Human Exposure to NDMA | p. 211 |
| Regulation of NDMA in Drinking Water | p. 216 |
| Control of NDMA in Water | p. 217 |
| Conclusions | p. 222 |
| References | p. 222 |
| TiO2-Based Advanced Oxidation Nanotechnologies for Water Purification and Reuse | p. 229 |
| Role of Advanced Oxidation Technologies for Innovative Water Treatment | p. 230 |
| TiO2 Photocatalytic Processes: Green Chemistry and Engineering | p. 232 |
| Mechanism of TiO2 Photocatalysis | p. 232 |
| Photocatalytic Water and Wastewater Treatment and Purification | p. 237 |
| Applications of TiO2 Photocatalysis | p. 241 |
| Challenges and Issues in TiO2 Photocatalysis for Water Treatment | p. 242 |
| Current Advances in TiO2 Photocatalysis | p. 246 |
| Economic Aspect of TiO2 Photocatalysis | p. 249 |
| Concluding Remark: Advanced Oxidation Nanotechnologies and Sustainability | p. 250 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 251 |
| References | p. 251 |
| Membrane Bioreactors: Theory and Applications to Wastewater Reuse | p. 255 |
| Introduction | p. 255 |
| Membrane Bioreactor Fundamentals | p. 256 |
| Contaminant Removal | p. 270 |
| Application of Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Reuse | p. 275 |
| References | p. 289 |
| Concentrate Disposal Options | |
| Concentrate Treatment for Inland Desalting | p. 295 |
| Introduction | p. 295 |
| Background | p. 296 |
| Concentrate Production | p. 297 |
| RO Concentrate Treatment Technologies | p. 301 |
| Conclusion | p. 319 |
| References | p. 322 |
| Inland Desalination: Current Practices, Environmental Implications, and Case Studies in Las Vegas, NV | p. 327 |
| Introduction | p. 327 |
| Strategies for Inland Brine Disposal: ZLD and Fluidized Bed Crystallizers | p. 330 |
| Beneficial Uses of Brine By-Products | p. 334 |
| Las Vegas Valley Shallow Groundwater Study | p. 335 |
| Zero-Liquid Discharge with Fluidized Bed Crystallizer Study | p. 339 |
| Test Results | p. 339 |
| Treatment Costs and Energy Requirements | p. 343 |
| Outcomes and Future Considerations | p. 347 |
| References | p. 348 |
| Comparison of Desalination versus Water Recycling | |
| Renewable Energy Powered Water Treatment Systems | p. 353 |
| Introduction | p. 353 |
| Renewable Energy in the World Today | p. 355 |
| Renewable Energy Powered Water Treatment Technologies | p. 360 |
| Synergy between Renewable Energy Resource and Water Supply | p. 361 |
| Small-Scale Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Filtration Plants | p. 367 |
| Conclusions | p. 370 |
| References | p. 371 |
| Desalinated Versus Recycled Water: What Does the Public Think? | p. 375 |
| Introduction | p. 375 |
| Prior Work | p. 376 |
| Methodology | p. 377 |
| Results | p. 378 |
| Conclusions | p. 384 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 386 |
| References | p. 386 |
| Conclusion: A Summary of Challenges still Facing Desalination and Water Reuse | p. 389 |
| Challenges Facing Desalination | p. 390 |
| Challenges Facing Water Reuse | p. 391 |
| Cross-Cutting Needs | p. 393 |
| References | p. 395 |
| Subject Index | p. 399 |
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