Surface Active Agents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Part I - Natural Surface Active Agents

1. Soap, the first man-made surface active agent
2. Soap production process and raw materials

2.1) Oils, fats, and fatty acids

2.2) Alkali

3) Later soap developments

4) Naturally occurring surface active agents

4.1) Introduction

4.2) Saponins

4.3) Bile acids

4.4) Phospholipids

Part II - The Advent of Synthetic Surface Active Agents

Introduction

5) Amphoteric surfactants

5.1) Introduction

5.2) Amphoteric surfactants production processes and raw materials

6) Anionic surfactants

6.1) Introduction

6.2) Sulphated oils and fatty acids

6.3) Sulphated alkyl esters

6.4) Sulphated glycerol esters

6.5) Sulphated amides

6.6) Sulphated olefins

6.7) Sulphated fatty alcohols (alkyl sulphates)

6.8) Sulphated alkyl, aryl and alkylaryl ethers

6.9) Fatty alcohols sulphation process and raw materials

6.10) Alkylaryl sulphonates

6.10.1) Alkyl naphthalene sulphonates

6.10.2) Naphthalene sulphonate-formaldehyde condensates

6.10.3) Alkyl benzene sulphonates

6.10.4) Alkyl diphenyl oxide (di) sulfonates

6.11) Alkyl (paraffin) sulphonates

6.12) Olefin sulphonates

6.13) Methyl esters sulphonates

6.14) Isethionates

6.15) Dicarboxylic (sulfosuccinates) and tricarboxylic sulfonated esters

6.16) Sulphonation process and raw materials

6.16.1) Alkylation of an aromatic moiety

6.16.2) Sulphation and sulphonation agents

6.17) Phosphate esters

6.18) Surfactants based on amino acids and proteins hydrolysates

6.18.1) Acyl taurates

6.18.2) Acyl sarcosinates

6.18.3) Acyl glutamates

6.18.4) Acyl glycinates

6.18.5) Other amino acids surfactants

6.18.6) Hydrolysed proteins surfactants

7) Cationic surfactants

7.1) Introduction

7.2) Cationic surfactants production processes and raw materials

8) Nonionic surfactants

8.1) Introduction

8.2) Alkoxylation of fatty alcohols and alkyl phenols

8.3) Alkoxylated derivatives of fatty acid esters with polyhydric alcohols

8.3.1) The HLB Concept

8.4) Sorbitan esters

8.5) Polysorbates

8.6) Alkylpolyglucosides (APG)

8.7) Amine oxides

8.8) Ethoxylated fatty amines

8.9) Ethoxylated methyl esters

8.10) EO, PO homo and copolymers

8.11) Ethoxylated mercaptans

8.12) Nonionic surfactants raw materials

8.12.1) Alkylphenols and alkyl naphthols

8.12.2) Fatty alcohols

8.12.2.1) Natural fatty alcohols

8.12.2.1.1) Reduction of fatty acids

8.12.2.1.2) Hydrogenation of fatty acid mono methyl esters

8.12.2.1.3) Hydrogenation of fatty acids triglycerides

8.12.2.2) Synthetic fatty alcohols

8.12.2.2.1) The SHOP process

8.12.2.2.2) The CTL/GTL process

8.12.2.2.3) The Ziegler processes

8.12.2.2.4) Fatty alcohols conclusions

8.12.3) Ethylene oxide

8.12.4) Propylene oxide

8.12.5) Fatty acids

8.12.6) Fatty amines

9) Other surfactants

9.1) Silicone surfactants

9.2) Fluorosurfactants

9.3) Acetylenic surfactants

Part III - Washing and Cleaning Habits

10) Washing linen and clothes

11) Body washing and personal hygiene