| Preface | p. xv |
| The Sun among the stars | p. 1 |
| Sunspots and solar magnetic activity | p. 1 |
| The Sun as a star | p. 5 |
| Solar structure | p. 5 |
| Properties and classification of stars | p. 7 |
| Starspots and stellar magnetic activity | p. 10 |
| The solar-stellar connection | p. 10 |
| Spots on stars | p. 11 |
| Plan of the book | p. 13 |
| References for background reading | p. 13 |
| Sunspots and starspots: a historical introduction | p. 15 |
| Early observations of sunspots | p. 15 |
| The sunspot cycle | p. 20 |
| The Maunder Minimum | p. 22 |
| Photographic studies of sunspots | p. 22 |
| Fine structure in sunspots | p. 23 |
| Spectroscopy and the sunspot magnetic field | p. 26 |
| Hale's discovery of the sunspot magnetic field | p. 26 |
| The Evershed effect | p. 27 |
| Solar granulation and supergranulation | p. 28 |
| Theoretical advances | p. 29 |
| The development of magnetohydrodynamics | p. 29 |
| Magnetoconvection | p. 30 |
| Dynamo theory | p. 31 |
| The solar wind | p. 31 |
| Recent progress on sunspots | p. 32 |
| Starspots | p. 33 |
| Chronology of key developments (1610-1964) | p. 36 |
| Overall structure of a sunspot | p. 38 |
| Morphology of sunspots | p. 38 |
| Thermal properties of sunspots | p. 41 |
| The cooling of sunspots | p. 41 |
| Brightness of the umbra and penumbra | p. 42 |
| The weak bright ring around a sunspot | p. 45 |
| The Wilson depression | p. 46 |
| Spectroscopy and atmospheric models | p. 47 |
| Spectral analysis of the umbra and penumbra | p. 47 |
| Semi-empirical models of umbral and penumbral atmospheres | p. 48 |
| The chromospheric superpenumbra | p. 50 |
| The transition region and corona above a sunspot | p. 52 |
| Observations of the magnetic field in sunspots | p. 54 |
| The Zeeman effect | p. 54 |
| The magnetic field in a pore | p. 57 |
| Magnetic fields in sunspots | p. 58 |
| Modelling the overall magnetic structure of a sunspot | p. 60 |
| Static axisymmetric models | p. 62 |
| Stability of static models | p. 65 |
| The moat flow | p. 65 |
| Fine structure of the umbra | p. 68 |
| Umbral dots | p. 68 |
| Convection in the umbra | p. 70 |
| Idealized model calculations | p. 71 |
| Realistic simulations | p. 73 |
| Magnetic structure of the umbra | p. 74 |
| Light bridges | p. 75 |
| Fine structure of the penumbra | p. 78 |
| Penumbral filaments | p. 78 |
| Bright grains in penumbral filaments | p. 80 |
| Dark cores within bright filaments | p. 83 |
| The intricate structure of the penumbral magnetic field | p. 83 |
| The interlocking-comb magnetic structure | p. 84 |
| Velocity structure | p. 87 |
| Hyperfine structure and dark cores | p. 88 |
| Convection in the penumbra | p. 89 |
| Travelling patterns in inclined magnetic fields | p. 90 |
| Convection in the inner penumbra | p. 91 |
| Buoyancy braking and the origin of dark cores | p. 92 |
| Dark filaments and convection in the outer penumbra | p. 92 |
| Thin flux tubes in the penumbra | p. 93 |
| The Evershed flow | p. 93 |
| Fine-scale organization of the Evershed flow | p. 94 |
| Theoretical models of the Evershed flow | p. 95 |
| Moving magnetic features in the moat | p. 97 |
| Formation and maintenance of the penumbra | p. 99 |
| Magnetic flux pumping and returning flux tubes | p. 100 |
| Formation of the penumbra | p. 103 |
| Oscillations in sunspots | p. 106 |
| Magneto-atmospheric waves | p. 106 |
| Umbral oscillations | p. 107 |
| Five-minute umbral oscillations | p. 108 |
| Three-minute umbral oscillations and umbral flashes | p. 110 |
| Magnetic field variations | p. 113 |
| Theoretical interpretations of umbral oscillations | p. 114 |
| Penumbral waves | p. 117 |
| Sunspot seismology | p. 118 |
| Absorption of p-modes by a sunspot | p. 118 |
| Time-distance and holographic seismology of sunspots | p. 121 |
| Acoustic halos | p. 122 |
| Sunspots and active regions | p. 123 |
| Description of active regions | p. 123 |
| Pores and their relation to sunspots | p. 123 |
| Faculae and plages | p. 125 |
| Birth and evolution of active regions | p. 128 |
| Magnetic flux emergence in active regions | p. 129 |
| Theoretical models of emerging magnetic flux | p. 131 |
| Intense magnetic elements | p. 133 |
| Formation, growth and decay of sunspots | p. 136 |
| Growth rates of sunspots | p. 136 |
| Lifetimes of sunspots | p. 138 |
| The decay of a sunspot | p. 138 |
| Sunspot groups | p. 141 |
| The magnetic configuration of active regions and sunspot groups | p. 141 |
| Sunspots and solar rotation | p. 142 |
| Dissolution of active regions | p. 143 |
| Flux emergence in the quiet Sun | p. 144 |
| Ephemeral active regions | p. 145 |
| Intergranular magnetic fields and smaller-scale flux emergence | p. 147 |
| Magnetic activity in stars | p. 150 |
| Stellar Ca II emission | p. 150 |
| Variation of activity with rotation rate and age | p. 151 |
| Vigorous activity in late-type stars | p. 155 |
| Other magnetic stars | p. 156 |
| Starspots | p. 158 |
| Observing techniques | p. 158 |
| Photometry | p. 158 |
| Spectroscopy | p. 160 |
| Doppler imaging | p. 162 |
| Zeeman-Doppler imaging | p. 167 |
| Case studies of starspots | p. 168 |
| EK Draconis and other solar analogues | p. 169 |
| RS CVn binaries and FK Com stars | p. 171 |
| BY Draconis | p. 172 |
| AB Doradus | p. 173 |
| T Tauri stars | p. 176 |
| Starspots, differential rotation and dynamo patterns | p. 177 |
| Differential rotation | p. 177 |
| Starspots and surface patterns of activity | p. 179 |
| Starspot cycles from long-term photometry | p. 180 |
| Properties of individual starspots | p. 180 |
| Temperatures and areas | p. 180 |
| Magnetic fields | p. 181 |
| Lifetimes | p. 182 |
| Sunspots as prototypes for starspots? | p. 182 |
| Solar and stellar activity cycles | p. 184 |
| Cyclic activity in the Sun | p. 184 |
| Modulation of cyclic activity and grand minima | p. 185 |
| Differential rotation in the Sun | p. 189 |
| Variable activity in stars | p. 191 |
| Stellar activity cycles | p. 191 |
| Cyclic behaviour in more active stars | p. 193 |
| Solar and stellar dynamos | p. 194 |
| Basic dynamo theory | p. 194 |
| Cowling's theorem | p. 195 |
| Mean-field magnetohydrodynamics and the [alpha]-effect | p. 195 |
| Phenomenology of the solar dynamo | p. 197 |
| The solar dynamo | p. 198 |
| Physical mechanisms | p. 199 |
| Location | p. 200 |
| Models of the solar cycle | p. 201 |
| Modulation and grand minima | p. 204 |
| Stellar dynamos | p. 205 |
| Slow rotators | p. 206 |
| Rapid rotators and polar spots | p. 206 |
| Fully convective stars | p. 207 |
| Small-scale dynamo action | p. 209 |
| Numerical simulation of solar and stellar dynamos | p. 210 |
| Solar activity, space weather and climate change | p. 211 |
| The variable solar irradiance | p. 211 |
| Sunspots, faculae and the solar irradiance | p. 213 |
| Spectral variability | p. 215 |
| Interplanetary effects of solar activity | p. 216 |
| Solar flares and coronal mass ejections | p. 216 |
| Space weather | p. 217 |
| Variations in the open solar magnetic flux | p. 220 |
| Solar variability and the Earth's climate | p. 221 |
| Changes in the Earth's orbit | p. 221 |
| Effects of solar variability | p. 222 |
| Global warming | p. 227 |
| The way ahead | p. 229 |
| The structure and dynamics of a sunspot | p. 229 |
| Solar and stellar activity cycles | p. 230 |
| Starspots | p. 230 |
| Prospect for the future | p. 231 |
| Observing techniques for sunspots | p. 232 |
| Essentials of magnetohydrodynamic theory | p. 238 |
| References | p. 246 |
| Index | p. 271 |
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