Studying Kinetics with Neutrons

Prospects for Time-Resolved Neutron Scattering

By: Gatz Eckold (Editor), Helmut Schober (Editor), Stephen E. Nagler (Editor)

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Hardcover | 6 November 2009

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288 Pages

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Neutrons are extremely versatile probes for investigating structure and dynamics in condensed matter. Due to their large penetration depth, they are ideal for in-situ measurements of samples situated in sophisticated and advanced environments. The advent of new high-intensity neutron sources and instruments, as well as the development of new real-time techniques, allows the tracking of transformation processes in condensed matter on a microscopic scale. The present volume provides a review of the state of the art of this new and exciting field of kinetics with neutrons.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Technology in General Instruments & Instrumentation Engineering Engineering Measurement & Calibration Science Physics Nuclear Physics Particle & High-Energy Physics Science in General Scientific Equipment Mechanical Engineering & Materials

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Published: 14th March 2012

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Introduction to Neutron Techniques	p. 1
Why Neutrons?	p. 1
Neutron Sources	p. 3
Techniques	p. 5
Three Axis Spectrometers	p. 6
Backscattering Spectrometers	p. 7
Time-of-Flight Spectrometers	p. 9
Fixed Wavelength Diffractometers	p. 11
Time-of-Flight Diffractometers	p. 12
SANS Instruments	p. 12
Reflectometers	p. 14
Spin-Echo Spectrometers	p. 15
... and What About Kinetics?	p. 17
References	p. 17
Studying the Hydration of Cement Systems in Real-time Using Quasielastic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering	p. 19
Cement Research	p. 19
Constituents and Hydration	p. 20
Hydration Kinetics	p. 21
Research Tools	p. 22
Studying Hydrating Cement Using Quasielastic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering	p. 23
Quasielastic Neutron Scattering of Hydrogen in Cement Systems	p. 26
Models for QENS Data	p. 26
Inelastic Neutron Scattering of Hydrogen in Cement Systems	p. 40
Summary of QENS and INS methods	p. 46
Time-Resolved Quasielastic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering	p. 47
Time-evolution of Descriptive Parameters Derived from Quasielastic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering Data	p. 47
Kinetic Models	p. 57
The Kinetics of Cementitious Hydration using Quasi and Inelastic Neutron Scattering: Case Studies	p. 65
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 73
References	p. 74
Kinetic Properties of Transformations Between Different Amorphous Ice Structures	p. 77
Introduction	p. 78
Experimental	p. 81
Sample Preparation and Experimental Procedure	p. 81
Data Treatment	p. 83
Results	p. 83
Wide Angle Diffraction	p. 83
Small Angle Signal	p. 86
Discussion	p. 89
Conclusions	p. 96
References	p. 97
Structure Evolution in Materials Studied by Time-Dependent Neutron Scattering	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Kinetics of Phase Transformations	p. 102
Time-Resolved Neutron Scattering Techniques	p. 103
Characteristics Neutron Scattering Techniques and Measurement Strategies	p. 103
Comparison Neutron and Synchrotron Studies	p. 105
Neutron and X-ray Studies During Solidification of Aluminium Alloys	p. 106
Time Resolved Neutron Scattering Experiments	p. 106
Time Resolved X-ray Scattering Experiments	p. 109
3D Neutron Depolarization Studies	p. 111
Time-Resolved Magnetic Domain Wall Movement	p. 112
Time-Resolved Phase Transformation Kinetics in Steels	p. 114
Spin-Echo Small-Angle Neutron Scattering	p. 117
Conclusions and Prospects	p. 120
References	p. 121
Applications of In Situ Neutron Diffraction to Optimisation of Novel Materials Synthesis	p. 123
Brief Review of In Situ Diffraction and MAX Phase Synthesis	p. 124
Introduction to In Situ Diffraction	p. 124
Review of MAX Phases	p. 125
In situ Neutron Diffraction: Long Time Scales	p. 127
Ti₃SiC₂ Reactive Sintering Synthesis Mechanism	p. 127
Ti₃AlC₂ Reactive Sintering Synthesis Mechanism	p. 129
Ti₃SiC₂ Synthesis Kinetics	p. 130
In situ Neutron Diffraction: Short Time Scales	p. 132
Ti₃SiC₂ SHS Synthesis Mechanism	p. 132
In situ Diffraction Differential Thermal Analysis	p. 134
Designer Processing Routes from In Situ Neutron Diffraction Analysis	p. 135
Inter-Conversion of MAX Phases	p. 135
Intercalation of the A Element into a Crystalline Precursor	p. 136
Lessons Learned	p. 139
Design of Future In Situ Diffraction Equipment	p. 140
In Situ Diffraction Chamber Design (Institutional)	p. 141
In Situ Reaction Chamber Design (User Inserts)	p. 144
Assembled ISRC Design	p. 145
References	p. 147
Time-Resolved, Electric-Field-Induced Domain Switching and Strain in Ferroelectric Ceramics and Crystals	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Piezoelectricity, Ferroelectricity, and Device Applications	p. 149
Time-Resolved Neutron Scattering	p. 152
Stroboscopic Techniques	p. 153
Experimental	p. 154
Materials Under Investigation	p. 154
Instrumentation	p. 155
Domain Wall Motion in Ferroelectric Ceramics	p. 157
Application of Static Electric Fields	p. 157
Application of Subcoercive, Periodic Electric Fields	p. 159
Time-Resolved Studies of Lattice Strain in Ferroelectric Ceramics	p. 161
Domain Switching and Strain in Ferroelectric Relaxor Single Crystals	p. 164
Future Opportunities and Outlook for Time-Resolved Scattering of Ferroelectrics	p. 169
Instrumentation Developments	p. 170
Application to other Structures and Phenomena	p. 171
Correlation Between Macroscopic Properties and Diffraction Measurements	p. 172
References	p. 173
Time-Resolved Phonons as a Microscopic Probe for Solid State Processes	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Techniques	p. 178
Kinetics Between Seconds and Years: Demixing Processes in Simple Systems	p. 181
Basics of Demixing and Phase Diagrams of Silver-Alkali Halides	p. 181
Experimental	p. 184
Nucleation and Growth in KCl-NaCl Mixed Crystals	p. 184
Spinodal Decomposition in AgCl-NaCl Mixed Crystals	p. 184
The Intermediate Case: AgBr-NaBr	p. 194
Kinetics in the Microsecond Regime: Phase Transitions in Ferroelectrics	p. 203
Modulated Ferroelectrics and Softmode Transitions	p. 203
Experimental	p. 204
The Lock-in Transition in K₂SeO₄	p. 205
The Ferroelectric Phase in SrTiO₃	p. 207
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects for Time-Resolved Inelastic Scattering	p. 208
References	p. 210
Small Angle Neutron Scattering as a Tool to Study Kinetics of Block Copolymer Micelles	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Theoretical Background	p. 216
Brief Introduction of Thermodynamics and Scaling Laws	p. 216
Aniansson and Wall Mechanism	p. 217
Scaling Theory - Halperin and Alexander	p. 218
Other Theories	p. 220
Experimental Background: Small Angle Neutron Scattering	p. 221
Structure with SANS: Core-Shell Model	p. 221
Equilibrium Kinetics and Time Resolved SANS	p. 224
Results - Equilibrium Micellar Kinetics	p. 226
Low Molecular Weight Surfactant Micelles	p. 226
Block Copolymer Micelles	p. 227
Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer Micelles in Aqueous Solutions	p. 228
Diblock Copolymer Micelles in Organic Solvents	p. 233
Triblock Copolymer Micelles in Organic Solvents	p. 235
Concluding Remarks and Outlook	p. 236
References	p. 238
Stroboscopic Small Angle Neutron Scattering Investigations of Microsecond Dynamics in Magnetic Nanomaterials	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Stroboscopic SANS Techniques	p. 242
Experimental	p. 245
Scattering Cross-Sections	p. 246
Results	p. 248
Relaxation of Magnetic Correlations Toward Equilibrium in Cobalt-FF	p. 248
Response on Oscillating Field in Continuous Stroboscopic SANS	p. 252
Response from Pulsed Stroboscopic Technique TISANE	p. 255
Temperature and Frequency Dependence	p. 256
Co-Precipitates in Solid CuCo Alloy	p. 260
Discussion	p. 261
Conclusion	p. 262
References	p. 262
Index	p. 265
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Studying Kinetics with Neutrons

Prospects for Time-Resolved Neutron Scattering

At a Glance

Hardcover

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