| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Structured electronic design | p. 5 |
| Introduction | p. 5 |
| Mathematical description language | p. 6 |
| Mapping mathematics to silicon | p. 6 |
| Homogeneous and inhomogeneous differential equations | p. 7 |
| Basic operators and operands | p. 8 |
| Basic functional blocks | p. 9 |
| Electronic limitations | p. 10 |
| Design requirements | p. 13 |
| Practical limits | p. 14 |
| Fundamental limits | p. 14 |
| Optimization | p. 16 |
| Search methods | p. 16 |
| Search by evolution | p. 16 |
| Search by heuristics | p. 17 |
| Search by creation | p. 17 |
| Orthogonality | p. 18 |
| Design strategy | p. 19 |
| Noise | p. 20 |
| Signal-independent stochastic errors | p. 21 |
| Signal-dependent stochastic errors | p. 21 |
| Signal-independent systematic errors | p. 22 |
| Signal-dependent systematic errors | p. 22 |
| Signal power | p. 23 |
| Dynamic range | p. 23 |
| Bandwidth | p. 24 |
| Fundamental limits for circuit design | p. 25 |
| Noise | p. 25 |
| Signal power | p. 25 |
| Dynamic range | p. 26 |
| Bandwidth | p. 27 |
| Relation to the circuit's topology | p. 28 |
| Accurate circuit design | p. 29 |
| Key parameters | p. 29 |
| Negative feedback | p. 30 |
| Homogeneous circuits | p. 32 |
| First-order differential equation | p. 32 |
| Second-order differential equation | p. 35 |
| Third and higher-order differential equation | p. 36 |
| The amplifier | p. 37 |
| Conclusion | p. 38 |
| Low-voltage low-power design | p. 41 |
| Introduction | p. 41 |
| Physical information carriers | p. 42 |
| Low voltage | p. 44 |
| Implications at signal-processing level | p. 45 |
| Implications at circuit level | p. 45 |
| The nullor implementations | p. 48 |
| The voltage required for the bias sources | p. 51 |
| Implications at device level | p. 53 |
| Low current | p. 54 |
| Implications at system level | p. 54 |
| Implications at circuit level | p. 54 |
| Implications at device level | p. 55 |
| Noise | p. 55 |
| Signal power | p. 58 |
| Bandwidth | p. 58 |
| Low power | p. 68 |
| Minimization | p. 68 |
| Power-supply voltage conversion | p. 69 |
| Conclusion | p. 70 |
| Amplifiers | p. 75 |
| Introduction | p. 75 |
| The basic function | p. 76 |
| Relation to the fundamental design aspects | p. 76 |
| Noise | p. 77 |
| Distortion | p. 78 |
| Minimization of clipping distortion | p. 78 |
| Minimizing weak-distortion | p. 79 |
| Using local feedback | p. 81 |
| Bandwidth | p. 84 |
| Frequency compensation | p. 84 |
| The maximal bandwidth | p. 87 |
| The LP product | p. 87 |
| Dominant poles | p. 89 |
| Moving around the poles | p. 92 |
| Resistive broadbanding | p. 95 |
| Pole-zero cancellation | p. 97 |
| Pole splitting | p. 99 |
| Phantom zeros | p. 102 |
| Conclusion | p. 104 |
| Harmonic oscillators | p. 107 |
| Introduction | p. 107 |
| The basic function | p. 107 |
| The resonator | p. 109 |
| The undamping | p. 110 |
| Relation to the fundamental design aspects | p. 113 |
| Signal power | p. 113 |
| Noise | p. 115 |
| Tapping | p. 120 |
| CNR maximization | p. 124 |
| Noise minimization | p. 124 |
| Q degradation | p. 126 |
| Frequency shift due to tap | p. 129 |
| The phase shift due to the tap | p. 130 |
| The Q degradation due to a phase shift | p. 131 |
| Q degradation due to the tapping | p. 131 |
| Influence on the noise floor | p. 133 |
| Bandwidth | p. 134 |
| Compensation of the parallel C | p. 134 |
| Bandwidth of the undamping impedance | p. 135 |
| Design examples | p. 137 |
| Common topics and specifications | p. 138 |
| The non-tapped-resonator oscillator | p. 139 |
| The ideal input impedance | p. 139 |
| Signal power | p. 140 |
| Noise | p. 140 |
| Bandwidth | p. 142 |
| The limiter | p. 143 |
| The total circuit | p. 143 |
| The tapped-resonator oscillator | p. 145 |
| Signal power | p. 148 |
| Noise | p. 148 |
| Bandwidth | p. 149 |
| The limiter | p. 149 |
| The total circuit | p. 150 |
| Measurement results | p. 151 |
| Conclusions | p. 152 |
| Bandgap references | p. 155 |
| Introduction | p. 155 |
| Historical overview | p. 156 |
| The basic function | p. 158 |
| The base-emitter voltage | p. 159 |
| General temperature compensation | p. 161 |
| A linear combination of base-emitter voltages | p. 162 |
| Type of compensation | p. 164 |
| General set of equations | p. 167 |
| First-order compensation | p. 169 |
| Second-order compensation | p. 170 |
| The key parameters | p. 173 |
| The bandgap energy | p. 175 |
| The saturation current and its temperature behavior | p. 175 |
| The reverse Early voltage | p. 175 |
| Temperature-dependent resistors | p. 176 |
| Relation to the fundamental design aspects | p. 177 |
| Noise | p. 179 |
| Noise of the idealized bandgap reference | p. 181 |
| Noise of a first-order compensated reference | p. 182 |
| Noise of a second-order compensated reference | p. 186 |
| The noise of the remaining parts | p. 188 |
| Noise of an adder | p. 188 |
| Noise of the scalers | p. 189 |
| Biasing | p. 194 |
| Power-supply rejection | p. 195 |
| Bandwidth | p. 197 |
| Output impedance | p. 197 |
| Power-supply rejection | p. 198 |
| Signal power | p. 198 |
| Internal node voltages | p. 199 |
| Saturating bipolar transistors | p. 200 |
| The lateral transistor | p. 201 |
| The vertical transistor | p. 204 |
| Influence on the reference voltage | p. 207 |
| Special structures | p. 208 |
| First-order compensated reference | p. 209 |
| Second-order compensated reference | p. 210 |
| Conclusions | p. 211 |
| Conclusions | p. 217 |
| Summary | p. 219 |
| Minimum voltage required for feedback amplifiers | p. 223 |
| Design example: class-AB amplifier | p. 227 |
| Introduction | p. 227 |
| The basic structure of the output section | p. 228 |
| Implementation of the nullors | p. 230 |
| Output capability | p. 230 |
| The voltage source for the class-AB control | p. 232 |
| The "harmonic-mean" control | p. 234 |
| The current copiers | p. 237 |
| The overall-loop behavior | p. 238 |
| The complete circuit | p. 240 |
| Measurement results | p. 240 |
| Conclusions and discussion | p. 243 |
| The Effective Q versus the phase shift | p. 247 |
| Design example: second-order compensated BGR | p. 249 |
| Introduction | p. 249 |
| The design of the V[subscript BE] generator | p. 250 |
| The design of the combiner | p. 252 |
| Design of the bias circuits | p. 255 |
| The constant current source | p. 255 |
| The PTAT current source | p. 257 |
| The total circuit | p. 258 |
| Realization and measurement results | p. 258 |
| Adjustment of the circuit | p. 258 |
| Realization | p. 260 |
| Measurement results | p. 260 |
| Conclusion | p. 264 |
| Optimum ratio of saturation currents | p. 265 |
| Design example: first-order compensated BGR | p. 269 |
| Introduction | p. 269 |
| The basic structure of the design example | p. 269 |
| Implementation of the two V[subscript BE] generators | p. 271 |
| The implementation of the scaler | p. 273 |
| The complete circuit | p. 275 |
| Conclusions | p. 279 |
| Index | p. 281 |
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