Preface and Acknowledgments | p. ix |
Introduction | |
Structural Equation Models: The Basics | p. 3 |
Basic Concepts | p. 4 |
The General Structural Equation Model | p. 9 |
The General EQS Structural Equation Model | p. 14 |
Using the EQS Program | p. 18 |
Components of the EQS Input File | p. 19 |
The Concept of Model Identification | p. 30 |
Creating the EQS Input File | p. 37 |
Building an Input File Manually | p. 36 |
Building an Input File Interactively Using BUILD_EQS | p. 38 |
Building an Input File Graphically Using the DIAGRAMMER | p. 48 |
The EQS Output File in General | p. 71 |
EQS Error Messages | p. 73 |
Overview of Remaining Chapters | p. 74 |
Single-Group Analyses | |
Application 1: Testing for the Factorial Validity of a Theoretical Construct (First-Order CFA Model) | p. 77 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 78 |
The EQS Input File | p. 82 |
The EQS Output File | p. 86 |
Model Specification and Analysis Summary | p. 87 |
Model Assessment | p. 89 |
Model Misspecification | p. 108 |
Post Hoc Analyses | p. 112 |
Application 2: Testing for the Factorial Validity of Scores From a Measuring Instrument (First-Order CFA Model) | p. 118 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 119 |
The EQS Input File | p. 127 |
The EQS Output File | p. 129 |
Post Hoc Analyses | p. 137 |
Application 3: Testing for the Factorial Validity of Scores From a Measuring Instrument (Second-Order CFA Model) | p. 158 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 159 |
Analysis of Categorical Data | p. 163 |
Categorical Variables Analyzed as Continuous Variables | p. 163 |
Categorical Variables Analyzed as Categorical Variables | p. 164 |
Analyses Based on Data Regarded as Categorical | p. 167 |
The EQS Input File | p. 167 |
The EQS Output File | p. 170 |
Post Hoc Analyses | p. 176 |
Analyses Based on Data Regarded as Continuous | p. 179 |
The EQS Output File | p. 179 |
Application 4: Testing for the Validity of a Causal Structure | p. 186 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 186 |
Formulation of Indicator Variables | p. 188 |
Confirmatory Factor Analyses | p. 189 |
The EQS Input File | p. 191 |
The EQS Output File | p. 199 |
Post Hoc Analyses | p. 205 |
Multiple-Group Analyses | |
Application 5: Testing for the Factorial Invariance of a Measuring Instrument | p. 225 |
Testing for Multigroup Invariance | p. 226 |
Testing for Invariance Across Independent Samples | p. 228 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 228 |
The EQS Input File | p. 234 |
The EQS Output File | p. 237 |
Other Considerations in Testing for Multiple Group Invariance | p. 245 |
Application 6: Testing for the Invariance of a Causal Structure | p. 250 |
Cross-Validation in SEM | p. 250 |
Testing for Invariance Across Calibration/Validation Samples | p. 252 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 253 |
The EQS Input File | p. 253 |
The EQS Output File | p. 259 |
Application 7: Testing for Latent Mean Differences (First-Order CFA Model) | p. 261 |
Basic Concepts Underlying Tests of Latent Mean Structures | p. 262 |
Modeling Mean Structures in EQS | p. 263 |
Testing for Latent Mean Differences of a First-Order CFA Model | p. 267 |
The Strategy | p. 267 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 267 |
The EQS Input File | p. 274 |
The EQS Output File | p. 277 |
Application 8: Testing for Latent Mean Differences (Second-Order CFA Model) | p. 293 |
Testing for Latent Mean Differences of a Second-Order Model | p. 294 |
The Strategy | p. 294 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 294 |
Other Important Topics | |
Application 9: Testing for Construct Validity: The Multitrait-Multimethod Model | p. 325 |
The General CFA Approach to MTMM Analyses | p. 330 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 330 |
The EQS Input File | p. 332 |
The EQS Output File | p. 332 |
The Correlated Uniqueness Approach to MTMM Analyses | p. 344 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 346 |
The EQS Input File | p. 348 |
The EQS Output File | p. 348 |
Application 10: Testing for Change Over Time: The Latent Growth Curve Model | p. 352 |
Measuring Change in Individual Growth Over Time: The General Notion | p. 354 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 354 |
Modeling Intraindividual Change | p. 354 |
Modeling Inter-individual Differences in Change | p. 358 |
Testing for Inter-individual Differences in Change | p. 359 |
The EQS Input File | p. 362 |
The EQS Output File | p. 362 |
Gender as a Time-Invariant Predictor of Change | p. 370 |
The EQS Input File | p. 373 |
The EQS Output File | p. 373 |
Application 11: Testing for Within- and Between-Level Variance: The Multilevel Model | p. 376 |
Overview of Multilevel Modeling | p. 377 |
Single-Level Analyses of Hierarchically Structured Data: Related Problems | p. 377 |
Multiple Level Analyses of Hierarchically Structured Data: Multilevel Modeling | p. 378 |
The Hypothesized Model | p. 379 |
The EQS Input File | p. 391 |
The EQS Output File | p. 396 |
References | p. 411 |
Author Index | p. 425 |
Subject Index | p. 429 |
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