| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Stochastic Discrete Event Systems | p. 2 |
| Applications and Goals of Modeling | p. 4 |
| Overview of Topics | p. 5 |
| Notation and Selected Background | p. 9 |
| Modeling | |
| A Unified Description for Stochastic Discrete Event Systems | p. 17 |
| Informal Description | p. 18 |
| Static Model Definition | p. 19 |
| Dynamic Behavior of Stochastic Discrete Event Systems | p. 23 |
| Rules for a Behavioral Definition | p. 24 |
| The Stochastic Process Defined by an SDES | p. 26 |
| Measuring the Performance of SDES | p. 36 |
| Reward Variable Specification | p. 37 |
| Derivation of Reward Variables | p. 40 |
| Stochastic Timed Automata | p. 45 |
| Informal Introduction | p. 46 |
| Model Class Definition | p. 48 |
| Automata as SDES | p. 49 |
| UML Statecharts | p. 51 |
| Transformation of Statecharts into Stochastic Petri Nets | p. 57 |
| States | p. 58 |
| Transitions | p. 59 |
| A Transformation Algorithm | p. 62 |
| Queuing Models | p. 65 |
| Informal Introduction | p. 66 |
| Model Class Definition | p. 71 |
| Representing Queuing Networks as SDES | p. 73 |
| Simple Petri Nets | p. 79 |
| Introduction to Stochastic Petri Nets | p. 80 |
| The Dynamic Behavior of a SPN | p. 88 |
| A Formal Definition | p. 91 |
| An SDES description of SPNs | p. 93 |
| Colored Petri Nets | p. 99 |
| Informal Introduction | p. 100 |
| Token Types or Colors | p. 100 |
| Places | p. 101 |
| Arcs and Arc Inscriptions | p. 102 |
| Transitions | p. 104 |
| Model Hierarchy | p. 106 |
| Syntax of Expressions | p. 107 |
| Performance Measures of Colored Petri Nets | p. 108 |
| On the Dynamic Behavior of Stochastic Colored Petri Nets | p. 109 |
| Model Class Definition | p. 112 |
| A SDES Description of Colored Petri Nets | p. 115 |
| Variable-Free Colored Petri Nets | p. 118 |
| An Example | p. 119 |
| Model Class Definition | p. 121 |
| Representing vfSCPNs as SDES | p. 122 |
| Evaluation | |
| Standard Quantitative Evaluation Methods for SDES | p. 127 |
| Prerequisites | p. 130 |
| Next-Event Time Advance Simulation | p. 133 |
| Common Functions | p. 135 |
| Estimation of Steady-State Measures | p. 138 |
| Estimation of Transient Measures | p. 141 |
| Numerical Analysis | p. 143 |
| Reachability Graph Generation | p. 144 |
| Continuous-Time Markov Chain Analysis | p. 147 |
| Steady-State Analysis of Non-Markovian Models | p. 151 |
| An Iterative Approximation Method | p. 157 |
| Model Partitioning | p. 159 |
| MIMO Graph-Based Aggregation | p. 159 |
| The Initial MIMO Graph | p. 160 |
| Aggregation of the MIMO Graph | p. 162 |
| Translation into an Aggregated Petri Net | p. 164 |
| Aggregation of vfSCPN Models | p. 165 |
| Low-Level Systems and the Basic Skeleton | p. 166 |
| Iterative Throughput Approximation | p. 166 |
| Efficient Simulation of SDES Models | p. 169 |
| Distributed Simulation of SDES Models | p. 170 |
| Fine-Grained Model Partitioning | p. 173 |
| A Logical Time Scheme for SDES Models with Immediate Actions and Priorities | p. 178 |
| Discussion of Compound Simulation Time | p. 192 |
| A Distributed Simulation Algorithm for SDES | p. 200 |
| Simulation of Models with Rare Events | p. 213 |
| The Restart Method | p. 214 |
| Restart Simulation of SDES Models | p. 218 |
| System Optimization | p. 223 |
| Indirect Optimization | p. 224 |
| Simulated Annealing | p. 226 |
| Avoidance of Recomputations with a Cache | p. 228 |
| A Two-Phase Optimization Strategy | p. 229 |
| Preliminary Notes on Petri Nets | p. 231 |
| Computation of Performance Bounds | p. 233 |
| Approximate Derivation of Profit Values | p. 240 |
| Model-Based Direct Control | p. 245 |
| A Control Interpretation for Petri Nets | p. 246 |
| An Example | p. 247 |
| Model-Based Control of SDES | p. 249 |
| Behavior of a Control-Interpreted SDES | p. 251 |
| Software Tool Support | p. 253 |
| TimeNET | p. 253 |
| Supported Net Classes and Analysis Methods | p. 254 |
| Software Architecture of TimeNET 4.0 | p. 257 |
| A Model-Class Generic Graphical User Interface | p. 261 |
| Software Packages for Stochastic Discrete Event Systems | p. 262 |
| Applications | |
| Optimization of a Manufacturing System | p. 269 |
| Types of Manufacturing Systems | p. 270 |
| Typical Design and Optimization Issues | p. 271 |
| Profit Function Elements | p. 273 |
| A Manufacturing System Example | p. 276 |
| A Generalized Stochastic Petri Net Model of the Example | p. 277 |
| Profit Function Approximation Quality | p. 279 |
| Results of the Two-Phase Optimization | p. 283 |
| Communication System Performability Evaluation | p. 287 |
| The Future European Train Control System ETCS | p. 288 |
| Train Operation with Moving Blocks vs. Fixed Blocks | p. 290 |
| Fixed Blocks | p. 291 |
| Moving Blocks | p. 292 |
| An ETCS Train Operation and Communication Model | p. 293 |
| A Communication System Failure Model | p. 294 |
| Alternative UML Statechart Model and its Transformation | p. 297 |
| Derivation of a Condensed Failure Model | p. 300 |
| A Moving Block Operation Model | p. 301 |
| ETCS Performance Under Failures | p. 302 |
| Supply Chain Performance Evaluation and Design | p. 307 |
| A Supply Chain Logistics Example | p. 308 |
| Colored Petri Net Model of the Supply Chain Example | p. 309 |
| Customer Model | p. 310 |
| Dealership Model | p. 312 |
| Plant Model | p. 312 |
| Vehicle Logistics Model | p. 313 |
| Order-To-Delivery Time Evaluation and Improvement | p. 314 |
| Popular Configuration Storage at the Dealership | p. 315 |
| Order Scheduling at the Plant | p. 318 |
| Truck Transport of Customer-Ordered Vehicles | p. 319 |
| Model-Based Design and Control of a Production Cell | p. 325 |
| A Production Cell Application Example | p. 325 |
| Production Cell Modeling with vfSCPN | p. 327 |
| Main Hierarchical Model | p. 327 |
| Refined Model of the Rotary Picker Arm | p. 329 |
| Integration of Work Plan Information | p. 330 |
| Performance Evaluation | p. 332 |
| Partition and Aggregation | p. 333 |
| Performance Evaluation Results | p. 335 |
| Model-Based Online Control | p. 337 |
| Summary and Outlook | p. 341 |
| Symbols and Abbreviations | p. 345 |
| List of Figures | p. 353 |
| List of Algorithms | p. 357 |
| List of Tables | p. 359 |
| References | p. 361 |
| Index | p. 383 |
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