| Contributors | p. xiii |
| Preface | p. xxiii |
| Tissue Engineering: From Basic Biology to Cell-Based Applications | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Cell Source | p. 3 |
| Stem Cells | p. 5 |
| From Benchtop Science to Cell-Based Applications | p. 7 |
| Concluding Comments | p. 8 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 0 |
| References | p. 9 |
| Recent Advances and Future Perspectives on Somatic Cell Reprogramming | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| Nuclear Reprogramming | p. 14 |
| Reprogramming by Defined Factors | p. 16 |
| Recent Advances in Reprogramming Methods | p. 17 |
| Future Perspectives on Reprogramming and iPS Cells | p. 19 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 23 |
| References | p. 23 |
| Hematopoietic Stem Cells | p. 31 |
| Introcution | p. 31 |
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Sources | p. 32 |
| Applications | p. 36 |
| Challenges for Tissue Engineering | p. 37 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 41 |
| References | p. 42 |
| Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Regeneration | p. 49 |
| Introduction | p. 49 |
| MSC Sources and Phenotype | p. 50 |
| Differentiation of MSCs in vitro | p. 52 |
| Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Using Bone Marrow MSCs and ASCs | p. 54 |
| Future Directions | p. 61 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 62 |
| References | p. 62 |
| Delivery Vehicles for Deploying Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Repair | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Delivery of MSCs for Repairing Cardiovascular Tissues | p. 72 |
| Delivery Vehicles for Deploying Stem Cells in Skin Regeneration | p. 78 |
| Biomaterials for Implanting MSCs for Regenerating Osteochondral Tissues | p. 81 |
| Conclusions | p. 88 |
| References | p. 88 |
| Stem Cells for Cardiac Tissue Engineering | p. 95 |
| Cell Therapies for Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure | p. 95 |
| Cellular Cardiomyoplasty Revisited: The Influence of in Vitro Mechanics | p. 98 |
| Tissue Engineering Approach: Utilizing Biomaterial Scaffolds | p. 102 |
| References | p. 107 |
| Cardiovascular System: Stem Cells in Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels | p. 115 |
| Introduction | p. 115 |
| Critical Elements of an Artificial Blood Vesselp117 | |
| Approaches to Creating TEBVs | p. 119 |
| Conclusion | p. 127 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 128 |
| References | p. 128 |
| Stem Cells for Vascular Regeneration: An Engineering Approach | p. 135 |
| Introdtuion | p. 135 |
| Cell Sources | p. 136 |
| Engineering Vascular Differentiation | p. 141 |
| Three Dimensional Space | p. 142 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 152 |
| References | p. 152 |
| Stem Cells and Wound Repair | p. 159 |
| Clinical Burden of Wound Healing | p. 159 |
| Physiology of Wound Healing | p. 161 |
| Stem Cells and Wound Repair | p. 165 |
| Conclusion | p. 173 |
| References | p. 174 |
| Engineering Cartilage: From Materials to Small Molecules | p. 181 |
| Introduction | p. 181 |
| Structure of Articular Cartilage of the Knee | p. 181 |
| Osteoarthritis of the Knee | p. 183 |
| Surgical Strategies for Repairing Focal Cartilage Defects | p. 185 |
| Scaffolds for Assisting Operative Techniquep187 | |
| Measenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Tissue Engineering | p. 192 |
| Hydrogels for Directed Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells | p. 193 |
| Fiber-Hydrogel Composites | p. 197 |
| Small Molecules for Directing Chondrogenesis | p. 199 |
| Conclusion | p. 201 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 202 |
| References | p. 202 |
| Adult Stem Cells for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering | p. 211 |
| Introduction | p. 211 |
| Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hBMMSCs) | p. 213 |
| Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCS) | p. 216 |
| Periosteum Derived Stem Progenitor Cells (PDSCs/PDPCs) | p. 217 |
| Synovium Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (SMSCs) | p. 218 |
| Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells HDPSCs | p. 219 |
| Umbilical Cord Cord Blood Derived Stem Cells | p. 220 |
| Other Potential Cell Sources with a Chondrogenic Potential | p. 220 |
| Conclusion and Future Directions | p. 222 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 222 |
| References | p. 222 |
| Stem Cells for Disc Repair | |
| Introduction | p. 231 |
| The Demanding Intervertebral Disc Environment | p. 233 |
| Evaluating a Stem Cell Based Therapy | p. 234 |
| Non Stem Cell Based Regeneration Strategies | p. 236 |
| Stem Cells for Disc Repair | p. 237 |
| Conclusion | p. 244 |
| References | p. 244 |
| Skeletal Tissue Engineering Progress and Prospects | p. 251 |
| Introdution | p. 251 |
| Lessons Learned from Endogenous Skeletal Tissue Development, Healing and Regeneration | p. 255 |
| Progenitor Cell-Based Skeletal Tissue Engineering | p. 257 |
| Pro-osteogenic Molecular Biology | p. 261 |
| Advances in Skeletal Tissue Engineering Scaffolds | p. 266 |
| Summary and Future Directions | p. 268 |
| References | p. 269 |
| Clinical Applications of a Stem Cell Based Therapy for Oral Bone Reconstruction | p. 277 |
| Introduction | p. 277 |
| Procurement Methodology for Stem Cell Containing Allograft | p. 279 |
| Ridge Augmentation | p. 282 |
| Sinus Augmentaion | p. 284 |
| Discussion | p. 289 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 292 |
| References | p. 292 |
| Therapeutic Strategies for Repairing the Injured Spinal Cord using Stem Cells | p. 297 |
| Introduction | p. 297 |
| Secondary Injury and Endogenous Repair After SCI | p. 299 |
| Therapeutic Targets for Transplanted Stem and Progenitor Cells | p. 300 |
| Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury | p. 301 |
| Types of Stem and Progenitor Cells Used for Transplantation in SCI | p. 305 |
| Evidence for Effects on Regeneration and Sprouting | p. 306 |
| Evidence for Effects on Neuroprotection | p. 307 |
| Evidence for Replacement of Neurons | p. 307 |
| Evidence for Oligodendrocyte Replacement and Remyelination | p. 308 |
| Keys to Future Progress | p. 309 |
| Are Stem and Progenitor Cell Therapies Ready for Clinical Trials | p. 311 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 312 |
| References | p. 312 |
| Potential to Tissue Engineering and Neural Stem Cells in the Understanding and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases | p. 321 |
| Intorduction | p. 321 |
| Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Current Treatments | p. 322 |
| Tissue Engineering as a Tool to Better Understand Neurodegenerative Diseases | p. 324 |
| Neural Stem Cells to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases | p. 329 |
| Conclusion | p. 339 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 339 |
| References | p. 340 |
| High-Throughput Systems for Stem Cell Engineering | p. 347 |
| Introduction | p. 347 |
| Sources of Stem Cells Suitable for High-Throughput Screening Approaches | p. 348 |
| The Stem Cell Niche: A Cellular Microenvironment That Controls Stem Cell Behavior | p. 349 |
| High-Throughput Intrinsic Systems for Stem Cell Investigations | p. 363 |
| Conclusions and Future Trends | p. 365 |
| References | p. 367 |
| Microscale Technologies for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Differentiation | p. 375 |
| Introduction | p. 375 |
| Control of Cellular Tissue Microarchitecture | p. 377 |
| Microscale Technologies to Investigate and Control Stem Cell Behavior | p. 380 |
| Assembly Techniques for Creating Engineered Tissues from Microscale Building Blocks | p. 385 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 391 |
| References | p. 391 |
| Quality Control of Autologous Cell- and Tissue Based Therapies | p. 397 |
| Introcution | p. 397 |
| Regulations Pertaining to Quality Control of Cell- and Tissue Based Products | p. 398 |
| cGMP cGTP and Quality System | p. 401 |
| Core Requirements of a Quality Program | p. 402 |
| Tailoring Quality Control to the Manufacturing Process | p. 407 |
| Conclusion | p. 417 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 418 |
| References | p. 418 |
| Regulatory Challenges for Cell Based Therapentics | p. 423 |
| Introcution | p. 423 |
| Regulatory Challenges at Each Phase of Clinical Development | p. 425 |
| Regional Considerations for Clinical Trials | p. 430 |
| Use of a Clinical Research Organization | p. 435 |
| Universal Regulatory Considerations for Cell-Based Therapeutics | p. 437 |
| References | p. 439 |
| Index | p. 441 |
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