Preface xi
Unit A: Data 1
Chapter 1. Collecting Data 2
1.1. The Structure of Data 4
1.2. Sampling from a Population 17
1.3. Experiments and Observational Studies 31
Chapter 2. Describing Data 52
2.1. Categorical Variables 54
2.2. One Quantitative Variable: Shape and Center 72
2.3. One Quantitative Variable: Measures of Spread 86
2.4. Boxplots and Quantitative/Categorical Relationships 103
2.5. Two Quantitative Variables: Scatterplot and Correlation 117
2.6. Two Quantitative Variables: Linear Regression 136
2.7. Data Visualization and Multiple Variables 152
Unit A: Essential Synthesis 177
Review Exercises 190
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Unit B: Understanding Inference 211
Chapter 3. Confidence Intervals 212
3.1. Sampling Distributions 214
3.2. Understanding and Interpreting Confidence Intervals 232
3.3. Constructing Bootstrap Confidence Intervals 248
3.4. Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Using Percentiles 263
Chapter 4. Hypothesis Tests 278
4.1. Introducing Hypothesis Tests 280
4.2. Measuring Evidence with P-values 295
4.3. Determining Statistical Significance 316
4.4. A Closer Look at Testing 333
4.5. Making Connections 349
Unit B: Essential Synthesis 371
Review Exercises 381
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Unit C: Inference with Normal and t-Distributions 399
Chapter 5. Approximating with a Distribution 400
5.1. Hypothesis Tests Using Normal Distributions 402
5.2. Confidence Intervals Using Normal Distributions 417
Chapter 6. Inference for Means and Proportions 430
6.1. Inference for a Proportion
6.1-D Distribution of a Proportion 432
6.1-CI Confidence Interval for a Proportion 435
6.1-HT Hypothesis Test for a Proportion 442
6.2. Inference for a Mean
6.2-D Distribution of a Mean 448
6.2-CI Confidence Interval for a Mean 454
6.2-HT Hypothesis Test for a Mean 463
6.3. Inference for a Difference in Proportions
6.3-D Distribution of a Difference in Proportions 469
6.3-CI Confidence Interval for a Difference in Proportions 472
6.3-HT Hypothesis Test for a Difference in Proportions 477
6.4. Inference for a Difference in Means
6.4-D Distribution of a Difference in Means 485
6.4-CI Confidence Interval for a Difference in Means 488
6.4-HT Hypothesis Test for a Difference in Means 494
6.5. Paired Difference in Means 502
Unit C: Essential Synthesis 513
Review Exercises 525
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Unit D: Inference for Multiple Parameters 543
Chapter 7. Chi-Square Tests for Categorical Variables 544
7.1. Testing Goodness-of-Fit for a Single Categorical Variable 546
7.2. Testing for an Association between Two Categorical Variables 562
Chapter 8. ANOVA to Compare Means 578
8.1. Analysis of Variance 580
8.2. Pairwise Comparisons and Inference after ANOVA 604
Chapter 9. Inference for Regression 614
9.1. Inference for Slope and Correlation 616
9.2. ANOVA for Regression 632
9.3. Confidence and Prediction Intervals 645
Chapter 10. Multiple Regression 652
10.1. Multiple Predictors 654
10.2. Checking Conditions for a Regression Model 670
10.3. Using Multiple Regression 679
Unit D: Essential Synthesis 693
Review Exercises 707
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The Big Picture: Essential Synthesis 715
Exercises for the Big Picture: Essential Synthesis 729
Chapter P. Probability Basics 734
P.1. Probability Rules 736
P.2. Tree Diagrams and Bayes’ Rule 748
P.3. Random Variables and Probability Functions 755
P.4. Binomial Probabilities 762
P.5. Density Curves and the Normal Distribution 770
Appendix A. Chapter Summaries 783
Appendix B. Selected Dataset Descriptions 795
Partial Answers 809
Index
General Index 835
Data Index 838
