| Preface | p. ix |
| Basic Concepts of Measurement | p. 1 |
| Measurement | p. 2 |
| Levels of Measurement | p. 2 |
| True and Error Scores | p. 8 |
| Reliability and Validity | p. 10 |
| Measurement Bias | p. 14 |
| Exercises | p. 17 |
| Probability | p. 21 |
| About Formulas | p. 22 |
| Basic Definitions | p. 23 |
| Defining Probability | p. 30 |
| Bayes' Theorem | p. 34 |
| Enough Exposition, Let's Do Some Statistics! | p. 36 |
| Exercises | p. 38 |
| Inferential Statistics | p. 45 |
| Probability Distributions | p. 46 |
| Independent and Dependent Variables | p. 53 |
| Populations and Samples | p. 54 |
| The Central Limit Theorem | p. 59 |
| Hypothesis Testing | p. 64 |
| Confidence Intervals | p. 67 |
| p-values | p. 68 |
| The Z-Statistic | p. 70 |
| Data Transformations | p. 72 |
| Exercises | p. 75 |
| Descriptive Statistics and Graphic Displays | p. 83 |
| Populations and Samples | p. 83 |
| Measures of Central Tendency | p. 84 |
| Measures of Dispersion | p. 90 |
| Outliers | p. 96 |
| Graphic Methods | p. 97 |
| Bar Charts | p. 100 |
| Bivariate Charts | p. 111 |
| Exercises | p. 117 |
| Categorical Data | p. 121 |
| The R×C Table | p. 122 |
| The Chi-Square Distribution | p. 125 |
| The Chi-Square Test | p. 127 |
| Fisher's Exact Test | p. 132 |
| McNemar's Test for Matched Pairs | p. 134 |
| Proportions: The Large Sample Case | p. 136 |
| Correlation Statistics for Categorical Data | p. 138 |
| The Likert and Semantic Differential Scales | p. 145 |
| Exercises | p. 147 |
| The t-Test | p. 155 |
| The t Distribution | p. 155 |
| The One-Sample t-Test | p. 157 |
| The Independent Samples t-Test | p. 160 |
| Repeated Measures t-Test | p. 164 |
| Unequal Variance t-Test | p. 167 |
| Exercises | p. 168 |
| The Pearson Correlation Coefficient | p. 173 |
| Association | p. 174 |
| Scatterplots | p. 175 |
| The Pearson Correlation Coefficient | p. 182 |
| The Coefficient of Determination | p. 187 |
| Exercises | p. 188 |
| Introduction to Regression and ANOVA | p. 193 |
| The General Linear Model | p. 193 |
| Linear Regression | p. 195 |
| Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | p. 206 |
| Calculating Simple Regression by Hand | p. 212 |
| Exercises | p. 214 |
| Factorial ANOVA and ANCOVA | p. 223 |
| Factorial ANOVA | p. 223 |
| ANCOVA | p. 233 |
| Exercises | p. 238 |
| Multiple Linear Regression | p. 243 |
| Multiple Regression Models | p. 243 |
| Exercises | p. 267 |
| Logistic, Multinomial, and Polynomial Regression | p. 273 |
| Logistic Regression | p. 273 |
| Multinomial Logistic Regression | p. 279 |
| Polynomial Regression | p. 282 |
| Overfitting | p. 285 |
| Exercises | p. 287 |
| Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis, and Discriminant Function Analysis | p. 291 |
| Factor Analysis | p. 291 |
| Cluster Analysis | p. 299 |
| Discriminant Function Analysis | p. 302 |
| Exercises | p. 305 |
| Nonparametric Statistics | p. 307 |
| Between-Subjects Designs | p. 308 |
| Within-Subjects Designs | p. 317 |
| Exercises | p. 321 |
| Business and Quality Improvement Statistics | p. 325 |
| Index Numbers | p. 325 |
| Time Series | p. 331 |
| Decision Analysis | p. 334 |
| Quality Improvement | p. 339 |
| Exercises | p. 347 |
| Medical and Epidemiological Statistic | p. 351 |
| Measures of Disease Frequency | p. 351 |
| Ratio, Proportion, and Rate | p. 352 |
| Prevalence and Incidence | p. 354 |
| Crude, Category-Specific, and Standardized Rates | p. 357 |
| The Risk Ratio | p. 362 |
| The Odds Ratio | p. 367 |
| Confounding, Stratified Analysis, and the Mantel-Haenszel Common Odds Ratio | p. 370 |
| Power Analysis | p. 375 |
| Sample Size Calculations | p. 377 |
| Exercises | p. 380 |
| Educational and Psychological Statistics | p. 385 |
| Percentiles | p. 386 |
| Standardized Scores | p. 388 |
| Test Construction | p. 390 |
| Classical Test Theory: The True Score Model | p. 393 |
| Reliability of a Composite Test | p. 394 |
| Measures of Internal Consistency | p. 395 |
| Item Analysis | p. 400 |
| Item Response Theory | p. 403 |
| Exercises | p. 408 |
| Data Management | p. 411 |
| An Approach, Not a Set of Recipes | p. 412 |
| The Chain of Command | p. 413 |
| Codebooks | p. 413 |
| The Rectangular Data File | p. 415 |
| Spreadsheets and Relational Databases | p. 418 |
| Inspecting a New Data File | p. 418 |
| String and Numeric Data | p. 422 |
| Missing Data | p. 423 |
| Research Design | p. 425 |
| Basic Vocabulary | p. 426 |
| Observational Studies | p. 428 |
| Quasi-Experimental Studies | p. 431 |
| Experimental Studies | p. 436 |
| Gathering Experimental Data | p. 437 |
| Example Experimental Design | p. 447 |
| Communicating with Statistics | p. 449 |
| General Notes | p. 449 |
| Critiquing Statistics Presented by Others | p. 457 |
| Evaluating the Whole Article | p. 457 |
| The Misuse of Statistics | p. 458 |
| Common Problems | p. 459 |
| Quick Checklist | p. 461 |
| Issues in Research Design | p. 463 |
| Descriptive Statistics | p. 466 |
| Inferential Statistics | p. 470 |
| Review of Basic Mathematics | p. 473 |
| Introduction to Statistical Packages | p. 499 |
| References | p. 513 |
| Probability Tables for Common Distributions | p. 527 |
| Online Resources | p. 539 |
| Glossary of Statistical Terms | p. 543 |
| Index | p. 553 |
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