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Standardized Functional Verification

By: Alan Wiemann

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Hardcover | 14 September 2007

At a Glance

Hardcover
296 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
24.13 x 16.51 x 1.91

Hardcover

$169.00

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Standardized Functional Verification describes the science of functional verification that applies to any digital hardware system. With a precise and comprehensive terminology this book describes a thorough technical framework for achieving superior results with greater efficiency. It also defines a scientific basis for achieving functional closure and shows how true functional closure can be measured by software.

The author provides a wealth of practical guidance to the practicing professional. It describes how to compare results from differing projects and how to assess the risk of functional bugs at tape-out or at any other critical product juncture. The book also shows consumers how to compare IP offerings from multiple vendors. For producers, it describes how to verify IP in a manner that meets customer needs. Producers and consumers of silicon IP therefore have a solid framework to communicate requirements and to align expectations effectively and efficiently.

Standardized Functional Verification is a valuable reference for verification engineers and managers, and also for developers of verification software. The principles and theory this book describes will drive creation of the next generation of verification tools.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Circuits & Components Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Computing & I.T.Graphical & Digital Media Applications Computer-Aided Design CAD

A Brief Overview of Functional Verification	p. 1
Costs and Risk	p. 1
Verification and Time to Market	p. 2
Verification and Development Costs	p. 2
But any Lessons Learned?	p. 3
Functional Verification in a Nutshell	p. 4
Principles of Constrained Random Verification	p. 5
Standardized Functional Verification	p. 6
Summary	p. 7
Analytical Foundation	p. 9
A Note on Terminology	p. 9
DUTs, DUVs, and Targets	p. 9
Linear Algebra for Digital System Verification	p. 10
Standard Variables	p. 12
Ranges of Variables	p. 13
Rules and Guidelines	p. 14
Example - Rules and Guidelines	p. 14
Variables of Connectivity	p. 16
Example - External Connectivity	p. 17
Example - Internal Connectivity	p. 19
Variables of Activation	p. 21
Example - Activation	p. 22
Variables of Condition	p. 24
Example - Conditions	p. 25
Morphs	p. 27
Variables of Stimulus and Response	p. 29
Internal Stimuli and Responses	p. 30
Autonomous Responses	p. 31
Conditions and Responses	p. 31
Example - Stimulus and Response	p. 32
Error Imposition	p. 33
Example - Errors	p. 33
Generating Excitement	p. 35
Special Cases	p. 35
Example - Special Case	p. 37
Summary	p. 37
References	p. 38
Exploring Functional Space	p. 39
Functional Closure	p. 39
Counting Function Points	p. 40
Variables of Connectivity	p. 40
Variables of Activation (and other Time-variant Variables)	p. 44
Variables of Condition	p. 45
Variables of Stimulus	p. 45
Variables of Response	p. 45
Variables of Error	p. 45
Special Cases	p. 46
An Approximate Upper Bound	p. 46
Condensation in the Functional Space	p. 47
Connecting the Dots	p. 50
Analyzing an 8-entry Queue	p. 53
Reset in the VTG	p. 59
Modeling Faulty Behavior	p. 63
Back to those Special Cases	p. 64
A Little Graph Theory	p. 65
Reaching Functional Closure	p. 68
Summary	p. 70
Planning and Execution	p. 71
Managing Verification Projects	p. 71
The Goal	p. 72
Executing the Plan to Obtain Results	p. 73
Preparation	p. 74
Code Construction	p. 74
Code Revision	p. 76
Graduated Testing	p. 76
Bug Fixing	p. 77
Soft Prototype and Hard Prototype	p. 78
The Verification Plan	p. 79
Instances, Morphs, and Targets ([section] 1)	p. 81
Clock Domain Crossings ([section] 1)	p. 81
Verifying Changes to an Existing Device ([section] 1)	p. 83
Interpretation of the Specification ([section] 1)	p. 83
Instrumenting the Prototype ([section] 2)	p. 87
An Ounce of Prevention ([section] 2)	p. 90
Standard Results ([section] 3)	p. 91
Setting Goals for Coverage and Risk ([section] 4)	p. 94
Making Trade-offs ([section] 4)	p. 94
Focusing Resources ([section] 4)	p. 94
Architecture for Verification Software ([section] 5)	p. 95
Flow for Soft Prototype ([section] 5)	p. 99
Random Value Assignment ([section] 5)	p. 101
General CRV Process ([section] 5)	p. 102
Activation and Initialization ([section] 5)	p. 104
Static vs. Dynamic Test Generation ([section] 5)	p. 108
Halting Individual Tests ([section] 5)	p. 108
Sanity Checking and Other Tests ([section] 5)	p. 108
Gate-level Simulation ([section] 5)	p. 109
Generating Production Test Vectors ([section] 5)	p. 110
Change Management ([section] 6)	p. 110
Organizing the Teams ([section] 7)	p. 111
Failure Analysis ([section] 7)	p. 114
Tracking Progress ([section] 8)	p. 115
Related Documents ([section] 9)	p. 118
Scope, Schedule and Resources ([section] 10)	p. 118
Summary	p. 119
References	p. 120
Normalizing Data	p. 121
Estimating Project Resources	p. 121
Power and Convergence	p. 122
Factors to Consider in using Convergence	p. 124
Complexity of a Target	p. 126
Scaling Regression using Convergence	p. 129
Normalizing Cycles Counts with Complexity	p. 133
Using Normalized Cycles in Risk Assessment	p. 134
Bug Count as a Function of Complexity	p. 135
Comparing Size and Complexity	p. 136
Summary	p. 136
References	p. 136
Analyzing Results	p. 137
Functional Coverage	p. 137
Standard Results for Analysis	p. 138
Statistically Sampling the Function Space	p. 138
Measures of Coverage	p. 139
Code Coverage	p. 140
State Reachability in State Machines	p. 142
Arc Transversability in State Machines	p. 143
Fault Coverage	p. 143
VTG Coverage	p. 144
Strong Measures and Weak Measures	p. 144
Standard Measures of Function Space Coverage	p. 145
Specific Measures and General Measures	p. 146
Specific Measures for Quadrant I	p. 148
General Measures for Quadrants II, III, and IV	p. 149
Multiple Clock Domains	p. 149
Views of Coverage	p. 150
1-dimensional Views	p. 151
Pareto Views	p. 151
2-dimensional Views	p. 153
Time-based Views	p. 153
Standard Views of Functional Coverage	p. 155
Summary	p. 156
References	p. 156
Assessing Risk	p. 157
Making Decisions	p. 157
Some Background on Risk Assessment	p. 159
Successful Functional Verification	p. 160
Knowledge and Risk	p. 164
Coverage and Risk	p. 166
Data-driven Risk Assessment	p. 167
VTG Arc Coverage	p. 168
Using Q to Estimate Risk of a Bug	p. 169
Bug Count as a Function of Z	p. 174
Evaluating Commercial IP	p. 174
Evaluating IP for Single Application	p. 176
Nearest Neighbor Analysis	p. 176
Summary	p. 179
References	p. 181
Functional Space of a Queue	p. 183
Basic 8-entry Queue	p. 183
Adding an Indirect Condition	p. 186
Programmable High- and Low-water Marks	p. 190
Size of the Functional Space for this Queue	p. 190
Condensation in the Functional Space	p. 191
No Other Variables?	p. 193
VTGs for 8-entry Queue with Programmable HWM & LWM	p. 193
Index	p. 267
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Standardized Functional Verification

At a Glance

Hardcover

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