| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Brief Historical Review of Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood and Aim of the Book | p. 1 |
| General Concepts of Nondestructive Testing of Wood | p. 2 |
| Classification of Nondestructive Techniques for Wood Quality Assessment | p. 4 |
| Imaging of the Internal Structure of Wood | p. 9 |
| Summary and Outline of the Book | p. 11 |
| Ionizing Radiation Computed Tomography | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| Basic Phenomena | p. 15 |
| X-Ray Propagation in Solids | p. 17 |
| Attenuation and Profile of Inspected Solids | p. 20 |
| Reconstitutive Algorithms | p. 24 |
| Treatment of Images | p. 25 |
| Equipment for Imaging Techniques | p. 28 |
| Description of the Equipment | p. 29 |
| Fixed Equipment | p. 29 |
| Portable Equipment | p. 32 |
| Factors Affecting the Quality of the Image | p. 32 |
| Beam Path | p. 33 |
| Spatial and Contrast Resolution | p. 35 |
| Anisotropic Direction | p. 38 |
| Beam Hardening | p. 39 |
| Applications | p. 40 |
| Examination and Inspection of Trees and Poles | p. 41 |
| Growth Rate Assessment | p. 43 |
| Moisture Content of Trees | p. 49 |
| Pollution Effects on Trees | p. 51 |
| Wood Quality Assessment | p. 52 |
| Inspection of Logs for Lumber and Veneer | p. 54 |
| Inspection of Poles | p. 60 |
| Inspection of Lumber | p. 60 |
| Wood Technology and Wood Processing | p. 63 |
| Control of Lumber Drying | p. 63 |
| Control of Wood-Based Composites | p. 67 |
| Dendroarcheology, Dendrochronology, Dendroclimatology | p. 69 |
| Summary | p. 70 |
| Annexes | p. 72 |
| Thermal Imaging | p. 75 |
| Introduction | p. 75 |
| Basic Aspects | p. 78 |
| Equipment for Thermal Imaging | p. 83 |
| Applications | p. 89 |
| Imaging of Defects in Trees | p. 90 |
| Timber Imaging | p. 91 |
| Imaging of Knots | p. 92 |
| Imaging of the Slope of Grain | p. 96 |
| Imaging of Wood Density | p. 98 |
| Imaging of Moisture Content Distribution | p. 101 |
| Imaging of Wood Rupture Phenomena | p. 106 |
| Imaging of Delaminations in Wood-Based Composites | p. 110 |
| Detection of Adhesion Defects in Laminated Wood Composites | p. 113 |
| Detection of Subsurface Defects Under a Veneer Lamina | p. 117 |
| Detection of Defects in Particleboards | p. 117 |
| Imaging of Defects in Different Types of Lumber Joints | p. 120 |
| Summary | p. 121 |
| Microwave Imaging | p. 125 |
| Introduction | p. 125 |
| Basic Aspects | p. 126 |
| Effect of Experimental Factors | p. 132 |
| Effect of the Physical Properties of Wood | p. 137 |
| Effect of Moisture Content | p. 141 |
| Effect of Anisotropy | p. 142 |
| Effect of Density | p. 145 |
| Effect of Chemical Constituents | p. 146 |
| Equipment for Dielectric Measurements and for Microwave Imaging Technique | p. 148 |
| Equipment for Laboratory Measurements of Dielectric Constants | p. 149 |
| Equipment for Online Imaging of Wood Structure | p. 153 |
| Applications | p. 158 |
| Microwaves for Inspection of Forests | p. 159 |
| Microwaves for Internal Inspection of Logs | p. 164 |
| Microwaves for Mechanical Grading of Lumber | p. 169 |
| Microwaves for Inspection of Wood-Based Composites | p. 170 |
| Summary | p. 177 |
| Ultrasonic Imaging | p. 181 |
| Introduction | p. 181 |
| Basic Aspects | p. 185 |
| Equipment for Ultrasonic Imaging | p. 189 |
| Equipment for Contact Scanning | p. 191 |
| Equipment for Noncontact Scanning | p. 194 |
| Applications | p. 200 |
| Imaging of the Internal Structure of Standing Trees | p. 202 |
| Imaging of Lumber Structure | p. 208 |
| Imaging of Defects in Wood-Based Composites | p. 208 |
| Imaging of Defects in Wooden Poles | p. 212 |
| Summary | p. 213 |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | p. 215 |
| Introduction | p. 215 |
| Basic Aspects of NMR Imaging | p. 216 |
| The NMR Imaging Technique | p. 237 |
| Techniques for Imaging | p. 237 |
| Algorithms | p. 241 |
| Deduction of Relaxation Times from Measurements | p. 242 |
| Applications | p. 244 |
| Inspection of Living Trees, Logs and Lumber | p. 245 |
| Water Content in Living Trees | p. 246 |
| Growth Rate and other Structural Features in Logs and Lumber | p. 250 |
| Structural Features at the Macroscopic Level | p. 250 |
| Structural Features at the Microscopic Level | p. 252 |
| Spatial Distribution of Chemical Components in Cell Walls | p. 256 |
| NMR Imaging in Wood Processing | p. 259 |
| Moisture Content in Lumber During Drying | p. 259 |
| Quality Control of Wood-Based Composites | p. 268 |
| Control of Adhesion | p. 270 |
| Control of the Impregnation Process | p. 272 |
| Examination of Archeological Wood | p. 273 |
| Further Applications for Measurements of Elastic Constants | p. 276 |
| Summary | p. 278 |
| Neutron Imaging | p. 281 |
| Introduction | p. 281 |
| Basic Aspects | p. 282 |
| Equipment | p. 283 |
| Applications | p. 285 |
| Imaging of Water Distribution in Trees | p. 285 |
| Water Distribution in Trees of Different Species | p. 285 |
| Water Distribution in Trees of the Same Species | p. 287 |
| Imaging of Moisture Content in Lumber During Drying | p. 288 |
| Short Drying Time | p. 289 |
| Long Drying Time | p. 291 |
| Imaging of Water Absorption | p. 292 |
| Imaging of Moisture Distribution in Structural Elements | p. 293 |
| Summary | p. 297 |
| References | p. 299 |
| Subject Index | p. 323 |
| List of Notation | p. 335 |
| Color Plates | p. 337 |
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