| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Historical Remarks | p. 1 |
| Surface Space-Charge and Surface States: Some Preliminary Remarks | p. 13 |
| Surface Space-Charge Region in Thermal Equilibrium | p. 21 |
| Solutions of Poisson's Equation | p. 21 |
| Surface Space-Charge | p. 25 |
| Shape of Surface Barriers | p. 27 |
| Comparison of Space-Charge Layers at Semiconductor and Metal Surfaces | p. 28 |
| Quantum Size-Effects in Space-Charge Layers | p. 28 |
| Surface States | p. 33 |
| Virtual Gap States of the Complex Band Structure | p. 33 |
| Intrinsic Surface States: Nearly Free Electron Model | p. 36 |
| Intrinsic Surface States: Tight-Binding Approximation | p. 44 |
| Dangling Bonds | p. 47 |
| Adatom-Induced Surface States: Tight-Binding Approach | p. 51 |
| Adatom-Induced Surface Dipoles: Electronegativity Concept | p. 53 |
| Adatom-Induced Surface States and Dipoles: ViGS Model | p. 56 |
| Occupation of Surface States and Surface Band-Bending in Thermal Equilibrium | p. 59 |
| Surface Space-Charge Region in Non-Equilibrium | p. 67 |
| Surface Photovoltage | p. 67 |
| Dember Effect | p. 73 |
| Surface Transport | p. 74 |
| Surface Excess of Carriers | p. 74 |
| Surface Conductance | p. 76 |
| Surface Mobility | p. 76 |
| Field Effect of Surface Conductance | p. 78 |
| Interface States | p. 81 |
| Metal-Semiconductor Contacts: Metal-Induced Gap States | p. 81 |
| MIGS-and-Electronegativity Model of Metal-Semiconductor Contacts | p. 86 |
| Slope Parameters of Barrier Heights in Schottky Contacts | p. 91 |
| Defects at Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces | p. 93 |
| Band Lineup in Semiconductor Heterostructures: IFIGS-and-Electronegativity Model | p. 96 |
| Band Lineup at Semiconductor Heterostructures: Tight-Binding Approach | p. 98 |
| Historical Notes | p. 100 |
| Cleaved {110} Surfaces of III-V and II-VI Compound Semiconductors | p. 105 |
| Ionicity and Core-Level Spectroscopy of Compound Semiconductors | p. 105 |
| Layer Model of Photoemitted Electrons | p. 105 |
| Charge Transfer in the Bulk of Compound Semiconductors | p. 109 |
| Surface Core-Level Shifts | p. 112 |
| Geometrical Surface Structure | p. 114 |
| Surface Phonons | p. 122 |
| Electronic Surface States | p. 128 |
| Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Surface States | p. 128 |
| Cleavage-Induced Surface States: InAs(110) as an Example | p. 131 |
| Intrinsic Surface States | p. 133 |
| Temperature Dependence of the Ionization Energy | p. 137 |
| Chemical Trends of the Ionization Energy | p. 140 |
| {100} Surfaces of III-V, II-VI, and I-VII Compound Semiconductors with Zincblende Structure | p. 145 |
| Reconstructions and Trends in Chemical Compositions | p. 145 |
| Dimerization | p. 150 |
| Missing Dimer Structures | p. 153 |
| Dimerization, Occupation of Dangling Bonds, and Electron Counting | p. 161 |
| Intrinsic Surface Band Structure | p. 166 |
| Fermi-Level Pinning by Extrinsic Surface States | p. 167 |
| Ionization Energy | p. 168 |
| {100} Surfaces of Diamond, Silicon, Germanium, and Cubic Silicon Carbide | p. 169 |
| Atomic Arrangement | p. 169 |
| Strain Effects on Si(001) Surfaces | p. 175 |
| Electronic Surface Properties | p. 177 |
| Surface Core-Level Shifts | p. 181 |
| Reversible <$>2 \times 1 \rightleftharpoons {\rm c} (4 \times 2)<$> Surface Phase Transition | p. 183 |
| ß-SiC(001) Surfaces | p. 186 |
| Diamond, Silicon, and Germanium {111}-2 × 1 Surfaces | p. 193 |
| Cleaved Silicon and Germanium Surfaces | p. 194 |
| Early Models of (111)-2 × 1 Reconstructions and Core-Level Shifts | p. 194 |
| Band Structure of Dangling-Bond Surface States: Experimental Data | p. 197 |
| Surface Band Gap | p. 202 |
| Tilted Chains | p. 206 |
| Band Structure of Dangling-Bond Surface States: Theoretical Results | p. 213 |
| Clean Diamond {111} Surfaces | p. 213 |
| Atomic Arrangement | p. 213 |
| Electronic Properties | p. 215 |
| Clean Diamond and Cleaved Silicon and Germanium {111} Surfaces in Comparison | p. 217 |
| Si(111)-7 × 7 and Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) Surfaces | p. 219 |
| Preparation of Clean Si(111)-7 × 7 and Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) Surfaces | p. 219 |
| Si(111)-7 × 7: Atomic Arrangement | p. 221 |
| Elements of the 7 × 7 Reconstruction on Si(111) Surfaces | p. 221 |
| Dimer-Adatom-Stacking Fault Model | p. 225 |
| Ge(111)-c(2 × 8): Atomic Arrangement | p. 229 |
| Electronic Structure of Si(111)-7 × 7 and Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) Surfaces | p. 232 |
| Electronic Band Structure | p. 232 |
| Core-Level Spectroscopy | p. 234 |
| Energetics of Reconstructions on {111} Surfaces of Si and Ge: 7 × 7 Versus c(2 × 8) | p. 237 |
| Phase Transitions on Silicon and Germanium {111} Surfaces | p. 241 |
| <$>{\rm Si}(111)-7 \times 7 \rightleftharpoons "1 \times 1"<$> and <$>{\rm Ge}(111)-{\rm c}(2 \times 8) \rightleftharpoons "1 \times 1"<$> Phase Transitions | p. 241 |
| Ge(111)-"1 × 1" High-Temperature Phase Transition | p. 246 |
| Irreversible Conversion of 2 × 1 Reconstructions on Cleaved Si and Ge Surfaces | p. 247 |
| {111} Surfaces of Compounds with Zincblende Structure | p. 255 |
| [111]-Oriented Surfaces | p. 255 |
| <$>\overline {[111]}<$>-Oriented Surfaces | p. 257 |
| Monovalent Adatoms | p. 263 |
| Adsorption of Halogens | p. 263 |
| Dissociative Adsorption | p. 263 |
| Bond Lengths and Adsorption Sites | p. 269 |
| Adsorption of Hydrogen | p. 272 |
| Si(001):H Surfaces | p. 272 |
| Si(111):H-¿(7 × 7) Surfaces | p. 275 |
| Si(111)- and Ge(111):H-1 × 1 Surfaces | p. 276 |
| Alkali and Silver Adatoms on Si{100} Surfaces | p. 280 |
| Monovalent Metal Adatoms on Si and Ge {111} Surfaces | p. 283 |
| Alkali Adatoms on Si(111)-7 × 7 Surfaces | p. 283 |
| Si(111):Ag- and Ge(111):<$>{\rm Ag}-(\sqrt {3} \times \sqrt {3})<$>R30° Structures | p. 284 |
| Si(111):Au- and Ge(111):<$>{\rm Au}-(\sqrt {3} \times \sqrt {3})<$>R30° Structures | p. 287 |
| 3 × 1 Reconstructions Induced by Alkali and Silver Adatoms on Si (111) Surfaces | p. 288 |
| Growth Kinetics of Metals on Cleaved GaAs(110) Surfaces | p. 291 |
| Adatom-Induced Surface Core-Level Shifts | p. 300 |
| Adatom-Induced Surface Dipoles | p. 307 |
| Mutual Interactions in Plane Arrays of Surface Dipoles | p. 307 |
| Surface Dipoles Induced by Alkali Adatoms | p. 309 |
| Hydrogen-Induced Surface Dipoles | p. 311 |
| Adatom-Induced Surface States | p. 316 |
| Cesium Adatoms on Cleaved Si Surfaces | p. 316 |
| Metal Adatoms on GaAs(110) Surfaces | p. 317 |
| Nonmetal Adatoms on GaAs(110) Surfaces | p. 324 |
| Group-III Adatoms on Silicon Surfaces | p. 329 |
| Si(111):III-(<$>\sqrt {3} \times \sqrt {3}<$>)R30° Reconstructions | p. 329 |
| Al-, Ga-, and In-Induced (<$>\sqrt {3} \times \sqrt {3}<$>)R30° Reconstructions | p. 330 |
| B-Induced <$>(\sqrt {3} \times \sqrt {3}<$>)R30° Reconstruction | p. 333 |
| Reconstructions Induced by Group-III Adatoms on {100} Surfaces of Si and Ge | p. 334 |
| Group-V Adatoms | p. 339 |
| Si(111):As-1 × 1 and Si(001):As- and Si(001):Sb-2 × 1 Surfaces | p. 339 |
| Sb- and Bi-induced (<$>\sqrt {3} \times \sqrt {3}<$>)R30° Structures on Si and Ge(111) Surfaces | p. 343 |
| GaP-, GaAs-, and InP(110):Sb-1 × 1 Surfaces | p. 347 |
| III-V(110):Bi-1 × 1 Surfaces | p. 350 |
| Oxidation of Silicon and III-V Compound Semiconductors | p. 353 |
| Si111 Surfaces | p. 353 |
| Precursor-Mediated Chemisorption on Si(111)-7 × 7 Surfaces | p. 354 |
| Oxygen-Induced Si(2p) Core-Level Shifts | p. 361 |
| Field-Assisted Oxidation | p. 364 |
| III-V Compound Semiconductors | p. 366 |
| Oxidation Kinetics on GaAs(110) Surfaces | p. 367 |
| Photon-Stimulated Oxidation | p. 371 |
| Core-Level Spectroscopy: Growth Mode and Composition of Oxide Films | p. 372 |
| Surface Passivation by Adsorbates and Surfactants | p. 377 |
| Surface Passivation by Hydrogen | p. 377 |
| Surfactant-Mediated Growth | p. 381 |
| Semiconductor Interfaces | p. 385 |
| Metal-Semiconductor Contacts | p. 386 |
| Current Transport Across Metal-Semiconductor Contacts | p. 386 |
| Image-Force Effect | p. 388 |
| Determination of Barrier Heights: A Brief Comparison of Methods | p. 389 |
| Barrier Heights of Real Schottky Contacts | p. 392 |
| Laterally Inhomogeneous Schottky Contacts 1: Circular Patches | p. 400 |
| Laterally Inhomogeneous Schottky Contacts 2: BEEM | p. 402 |
| Laterally Inhomogeneous Schottky Contacts 3: I/V Characteristics | p. 407 |
| The MIGS-and-Electronegativity Concept: Experiment and Theory | p. 411 |
| Direct Observations of MIGS | p. 418 |
| Extrinsic Interface Dipoles 1: Interface Doping | p. 420 |
| Extrinsic Interface Dipoles 2: Metal/Si(111)-(7 × 7)i Contacts | p. 424 |
| Extrinsic Interface Dipoles 3: Epitaxial Silicide/Silicon Interfaces | p. 427 |
| Origin of Lateral Barrier-Height Inhomogeneities 1: Natural Nonuniformities | p. 434 |
| Origin of Lateral Barrier-Height Inhomogeneities 2: Extrinsic Nonuniformities | p. 435 |
| Slope Parameter | p. 437 |
| Schottky Contacts on Ternary III-V Alloys | p. 439 |
| Temperature and High-Pressure Effects | p. 444 |
| Ohmic Contacts | p. 451 |
| Semiconductor Heterostructures | p. 455 |
| Band-Structure Lineup | p. 455 |
| Interface Dipoles at Polar Interfaces | p. 457 |
| Lattice-Matched Ternary and Quaternary III-V Alloys | p. 461 |
| Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Valence-Band Offsets | p. 467 |
| Pseudomorphic Interfaces | p. 468 |
| Metamorphic Heterostructures | p. 471 |
| Layered Semiconductors | p. 472 |
| Insulator Interfaces | p. 476 |
| Metal-Insulator Contacts | p. 476 |
| Semiconductor-Insulator Interfaces | p. 479 |
| Appendix | p. 483 |
| References | p. 487 |
| Index of Reconstructions and Adsorbates | p. 535 |
| Subject Index | p. 539 |
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