Springer Materials Science

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Brief Historical Survey.- 1.2 Hydrogen Isotopes.- 1.3 Hydrogen in Metals.- 1.4 Helium in Metals.- 1.5 Organization of the Book.- 2. General Aspects of Tritium.- 2.1 Production of Tritium.- 2.1.1 Natural Tritium Production.- 2.1.2 Tritium Production in Nuclear Reactors.- 2.1.3 Tritium Production in Future Fusion Reactors.- 2.1.4 Tritium Production by Nuclear Explosions.- 2.2 Risks Associated with Tritium.- 2.2.1 Incorporation.- 2.2.2 More Indirect Risks.- 2.3 Discharge of Tritium to the Environment.- 2.4 Tritium Handling in Future Fusion Reactors.- 2.4.1 Multiple Containment.- 2.4.2 Pumping and Recycling.- Pumps and Impurity Removal.- Hydrogen Isotope Separation.- 2.4.3 Tritium Breeding Materials.- 2.4.4 Planned Tritium Use at JET.- 2.5 Tritium Waste Handling.- 3. Preparation of Metal Tritides.- 3.1 Electrolytical Charging of Metals with Tritium.- 3.2 Breeding of Tritium in Metals.- 3.3 Tritium Charging of Metals by Means of Nuclear Reactions and Ion Implantation.- 3.4 Tritium Charging of Metals from the Gas Phase.- 3.4.1 Uranium Tritide Storage Containers.- 3.4.2 A Typical Sample Chamber.- 3.4.3 Capacitance Manometers.- 3.4.4 Glove Boxes.- 3.4.5 Material for the First Containment.- 3.5 Tritium Charging of Metals by Means of Metal Tritides.- 3.6 Metals Employed for Tritium Storage.- 3.6.1 Uranium Tritide.- 3.6.2 Palladium Tritide.- 3.6.3 LaNi5-xAlx Tritides.- 3.6.4 Vanadium Tritide.- 3.6.5 Tritides of Ti, Zr, La and the Rare Earths.- 3.6.6 Stability of Binary and Ternary Metal Tritides.- 3.7 Permeability of Tritium in Metals.- 4. Analysis of Tritium in Metals.- 4.1 Outgassing and/or Combustion.- 4.2 Gas Release Behaviour of MTr Samples.- 4.3 Tritium Induced X Rays.- 4.4 Tritium Imaging.- 4.5 Tritium Autoradiography.- 5. Properties of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in Selected Metals.- 5.1 Solubility of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in Palladium.- 5.1.1 Solubility of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in the ? Phase of the Pd-X (X=H, D, T) System.- 5.1.2 Solubility of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in the ?, ?+? and ? Phases of the Pd-X (X=H, D, T) System.- 5.2 Solubility of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in Palladium Silver Alloys.- 5.2.1 Solubility of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in Palladium Silver Alloys for Hydrogen Concentrations r?0.02.- 5.2.2 Solubility of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in Palladium Silver Alloys for Hydrogen Concentrations r?0.50.- 5.3 Solubility of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in Lithium and Yttrium.- 5.4 Solubility of Protium and Deuterium in Vanadium.- 5.5 Isotope Dependence of the Phase Boundaries in the Pd-X, V-X and Nb-X (X = H, D, T) Systems.- 5.5.1 Phase Boundaries of the Pd-H, Pd-D and Pd-T Systems.- 5.5.2 The Phase Diagram of the V-T System.- 5.5.3 The Phase Diagram of the Nb-T System.- 5.6 Optical Vibrations of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in Niobium.- 5.7 Superconductivity of the Pd-H, Pd-D and Pd-T Systems.- 5.8 Isotope Dependence of Phonon Dispersion Curves in PdD0.63 and PdT0.7.- 5.9 Isotope Effect in Dingle Temperatures and Extremal Cross Sections of the Fermi Surface in PdHr, PdDr and PdTr.- 5.10 Diffusion of Protium, Deuterium and Tritium in Selected Metals.- 5.10.1 Diffusion of H, D, T in V, Nb, Ta.- 5.10.2 Diffusion of H, D, T in Dilute Pd-Fe Alloys.- 5.10.3 Diffusion of H, D, T in Cu and Ni.- 5.11 Lattice Dilation in V, Nb, and Ta Produced by Protium, Deuterium and Tritium.- 6. Properties of Helium-3 in Selected Metals.- 6.1 Basic Properties of Helium in Metals.- 6.1.1 Energetics of Helium in Metals.- 6.1.2 Kinetics of Helium Precipitation in Metals.- 6.2 Helium Release from Metal Tritides.- 6.3 He Bubbles in Metal Tritides.- 6.3.1 NMR Measurements.- 6.3.2 TEM Measurements.- TEM Measurements of PdTr0-cHec Samples.- TEM Measurements of VTr0-cHec Samples.- TEM Measurements of NbTr0-cHec Samples.- TEM Measurements of ZrTr0-cHec Samples.- 6.3.3 Observation of Solid-Fluid Transitions of 3He in the Bubbles of PdTr0-cHec Samples.- 6.4 Acoustic Emission by Metal Tritides.- 6.5 Swelling of Various Metal Tritides.- 6.6 Lattice Parameter and Width of the Rocking Curves of TaTr0-cHec Samples in the ? Phase.- 6.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction Measurements of TaTr0-cHec.- 6.6.2 Neutron-Scattering Measurements of TaTr0-cHec.- 6.7 Preliminary Results for Helium-3-Induced Effects in Selected Metals.- 6.7.1 Mechanical Properties of Metal Tritides.- 6.7.2 He-Induced Change of the Tritium Diffusion in Dilute Tantalum Tritides.- 6.7.3 Phase Transitions in Metal Tritides.- 6.7.4 Resistivity of Lutetium Tritides.- 6.7.5 Analysis of Metal Tritides Using Positron-Annihilation Techniques.- 6.7.6 Room-Temperature Creep of Metal Tritides.- 7. Conclusion and Outlook.- References.