Springer Information Sciences

1. Introduction.- 1.1 What is Image Processing.- 1.2 Descriptions of Images.- 1.3 Sources and Types of Images.- 1.4 Processing Images.- 1.5 Purposes of Processing.- 1.6 Image Quality.- 1.7 A Generalized Image Processing System.- 1.7.1 Source/Object.- 1.7.2 Optical System.- 1.7.3 The Camera.- 1.7.4 Source/Sink Coder.- 1.7.5 Channel Coder.- 1.7.6 Channel.- 1.7.7 Channel Decoder.- 1.7.8 Source/Sink Decoder.- 1.7.9 The Display.- 1.8 A Simple Television System.- 1.8.1 Choice of Components.- 1.8.2 Scanning Standards.- 1.8.3 Sampling in the Time Domain.- 1.8.4 Explaining Motion Rendition and Flicker.- 1.8.5 Sampling in the Space Domain.- 1.8.6 Analog Transmission.- 1.9 Lessons for the System Designer.- 2. Light and Optical Imaging Systems.- 2.1 Light Sources.- 2.2 Photometry.- 2.3 Luminous Transfer of Simple Optical Systems.- 2.4 Some Nonideal Behavior of Simple Optical Systems.- 2.4.1 The Cosine4 Law and Vignetting.- 2.4.2 Aberrations.- 2.4.3 Diffraction.- 2.5 Fourier Optics and the Modulation Transfer Function.- 2.5.1 The Linearity of Optical Systems.- 2.5.2 The Spectrum of Images.- 2.5.3 The Aperture Effect.- 2.5.4 Temporal Video Signals.- 2.5.5 The Correlation Function and the Shape of the Spectrum.- 2.5.6 Concluding Remarks about the Video Spectrum.- 2.6 Quantum Phenomena and Related Noise Sources.- 2.6.1 The Quantum Nature of Light.- 2.6.2 Shot Noise.- 2.6.3 Other Noise Sources.- 2.7 Lessons for the System Designer.- 2.8 Appendix: Statistical Considerations.- 3. Perception of Images.- 3.1 Seeing in the Dark.- 3.1.1 Visual Thresholds.- 3.2 Contrast Sensitivity.- 3.2.1 Lightness Curves.- 3.3 The Effect of Shape.- 3.3.1 Relationship Between Sharpness and Contrast.- 3.4 Masking.- 3.5 Temporal Phenomena.- 3.5.1 Frequency Response and Flicker.- 3.5.2 Motion Rendition.- 3.6 Lessons for the System Designer.- 4. Sampling, Interpolation, and Quantization.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Sampling Theorem.- 4.3 The Two-Dimensional Spectrum.- 4.4 Interpolation of Digital Images.- 4.5 The Presampling Filter.- 4.6 Hexagonal Sampling.- 4.7 Quantization.- 4.7.1 Amplitude of the Quantizing Noise.- 4.7.2 Randomization of the Quantization Noise.- 4.7.3 Filtering the Noise Spectrum.- 4.7.4 Combination of Filtering and Randomization.- 4.8 Lessons for the System Designer.- 5. Compression.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Information-Preserving Coding.- 5.2.1 The Basis for Statistical Coding.- 5.2.2 Coding Based on Conditional Probability Distributions.- 5.2.3 Noise as a Limit to the Efficiency of Entropy Coding.- 5.2.4 The Variation of Entropy with Sampling Density.- 5.3 Graphics Coding.- 5.3.1 One-Dimensional Run-Length Coding.- 5.3.2 Two-Dimensional Coding.- 5.3.3 Some Practical Coding Systems and Their Performance as a Function of Resolution.- 5.3.4 CCITT Standard Codes.- 5.4 Coding of Continuous-Tone Images.- 5.4.1 Lossless Coding.- 5.4.2 Approximation in the Space Domain (Waveform Coding).- 5.5 Lessons for the System Designer.- 6. Image Processing in the Graphic Arts.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Type Composition.- 6.2.1 Type Casting Machines.- 6.2.2 Photocomposition.- 6.2.3 Text Editing Systems.- 6.2.4 Page Composition.- 6.3 Modern Plate Making.- 6.3.1 Letterpress.- 6.3.2 Lithography.- 6.3.3 Gravure.- 6.4 The Halftone Process.- 6.4.1 Introduction.- 6.4.2 The Photographic Halftone Process.- 6.4.3 Fundamental Considerations in Halftone Reproduction.- 6.4.4 Electronic Screens.- 6.5 Lessons for the System Designer.- Color.- 7.1 Color Matching.- 7.2 Color Mixtures.- 7.3 Numerical Colorimetry.- 7.3.1 Graphical Representations.- 7.3.2 Chromaticity Coordinates.- 7.3.3 Transformation of Coordinates.- 7.3.4 The CDE Chromaticity Diagram.- 73.5 The Nature of the CDE Primaries.- 7.4 Other Color Spaces.- 7.4.1 CIE UCS (Uniform Chromaticity Scale) Diagram.- 7.4.2 Munsell Space.- 7.4.3 CIE L*a*b* Space.- 7.5 Additive Color Reproduction.- 7.6 Subtractive Color Reproduction.- 7.6.1 Elementary Color Correction in Subtractive Systems.- 7.6.2 Problems in Color Reproduction with Printed Inks.- 7.6.3 Color Correction in Electronic Scanners.- 7.6.4 Color Correction by Computer Processing.- 7.6.5 Nonprintable Colors.- 7.6.6 The Black Printer.- 7.6.7 Making Accurate Color Copies.- 7.7 Color Editing.- 7.7.1 Appearance Editing.- 7.8 Color Coding.- 7.8.1 Color Representation in Digital Systems.- 7.8.2 Color Representation in Analog Systems.- 7.8.3 Vector Coding.- 7.9 Some Experiments in Color Perception.- 7.9.1 The Spectrum.- 7.9.2 Spectral Composition of the Common Colors.- 7.9.3 Simultaneous Contrast.- 7.9.4 Sequential Contrast and After-images.- 7.10 Lessons for the System Designer.- 8. The Design of Improved Television Systems.- 8.1 A Review of TV Basics.- 8.1.1 The TV Chain as a Generalized Linear System.- 8.1.2 Sampling.- 8.1.3 Interlace.- 8.1.4 The Camera.- 8.1.5 The Display.- 8.1.6 The Channel.- 8.2 Relevant Psychophysics.- 8.2.1 Normal Seeing.- 8.2.2 Contrast Sensitivity.- 8.2.3 Temporal Frequency Response.- 8.2.4 Spatial Frequency Response.- 8.2.5 Spatiotemporal Interactions.- 8.2.6 Noise Visibility and Masking.- 8.3 The 1941 NTSC System.- 8.3.1 Audio System.- 8.3.2 Modulation Methods.- 8.3.3 Scanning Parameters.- 8.4 Adding Color.- 8.4.1 The CBS Field-Sequential System.- 8.4.2 Luminance/Chrominance, and Mixed Highs.- 8.4.3 The Color Subcarrier and Quadrature Modulation.- 8.5 NTSC System-Design Limitations.- 8.5.1 Limitations Due to Use of a Simple Receiver.- 8.5.2 Interlace.- 8.5.3 Vestigial-Sideband Modulation.- 8.5.4 The Separate Sound Carrier.- 8.5.5 Chrominance Limitations.- 8.5.6 Violation of the Constant-Luminance Principle.- 8.6 Compatible Improvements to NTSC.- 8.6.1 Cross Effects.- 8.6.2 Upconverted Displays.- 8.6.3 Hiding Augmentation Information in the NTSC Signal.- 8.6.4 PALplus and Wide-Screen NTSC.- 8.7 Designing from Scratch.- 8.7.1 Receiver Processing Power.- 8.7.2 Scanning Standards.- 8.7.3 Modulation Methods.- 8.7.4 Vision-Based Design.- 8.7.5 Providing for Evolutionary Improvements.- 8.8 Desirable Characteristics of a New System.- 8.8.1 Spectrum Efficiency.- 8.8.2 Picture and Sound Quality.- 8.8.3 Production, Distribution, and Transcoding.- 8.8.4 Interoperability.- 8.9 Channel Considerations.- 8.9.1 Variable Signal Levels.- 8.9.2 Noise.- 8.9.3 Multipath.- 8.9.4 Frequency Distortion.- 8.9.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM).- 8.9.6 Single-Frequency Networks (SFN).- 8.10 Interference Considerations.- 8.10.1 Taboo Channels.- 8.10.2 Desired/Undesired Ratio.- 8.10.3 The Zenith System.- 8.11 Video Function Characteristics Useful for System Design.- 8.11.1 Spatiotemporal Redundancy.- 8.11.2 The Preponderance of Relatively Blank Areas.- 8.12 Some Specialized Video Signal-Processing Techniques.- 8.12.1 Subband Coding.- 8.12.2 Adaptive Modulation.- 8.12.3 Scrambling.- 8.12.4 Scrambling and Adaptive Modulation Combined.- 8.12.5 Motion Adaptation.- 8.12.6 Motion Compensation.- 8.12.7 Data-Packing Methods.- 8.13 Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting.- 8.13.1 The General Instrument Proposal.- 8.13.2 Claims for Digital Broadcasting.- 8.13.3 Interaction Between Source Coding and Channel Coding.- 8.13.4 Digital Transmission with Soft Thresholds.- 8.13.5 Hybrid Transmission.- 8.14 Some Sample System Designs.- 8.14.1 A 90-Mb/s Digital System.- 8.14.2 A System Using Amplitude Modulation.- 8.14.3 A System Using Frequency Modulation.- 8.14.4 Systems Using Adaptive Selection of Subbands.- 8.14.5 JPEG.- 8.14.6 MPEG.- 8.15 Lessons for the System Designer.- Appendix: Development of High-Definition Television in Japan, Europe, and the United States.- A1. Introduction.- A1.1 Compatibilityz.- A1.2 Spectrum Considerations.- A1.3 Alternative Transmission Channelsx.- A1.4 Transition Scenarios.- A2. Japan.- A2.1 History of the Japanese Developments.- A2.2 The "Studio" System.- A2.3 MUSE.- A2.4 Systems Specifically Designed for US Broadcast Use.- A2.4.1 Narrow MUSE.- A2.4.2 NTSC "MUSE"-6.- A2.4.3 NTSC "MUSE"-9.- A2.5 Conclusions: Japan.- A3. The United States.- A3.1 The FCC Inquiry.- A3.2 Orginially Proposed Systems.- A3.3 The General Instrument Proposal.- A3.4 Other Digital Proposals.- A3.5 Problems of All-Digital Systems.- A3.6 Conclusions: United States.- A4. Europe.- A4.1 Multiplexed Analog Components.- A4.2 Overall European Strategy.- A4.3 Technological Approach.- A4.4 Three-Branch Motion Compensation.- A4.5 Implementation of D2-MAC and HD-MAC.- A4.6 PALplus.- A4.7 Digital Television in Europe.- A4.8 Conclusions: Europe.- A5. Overall Conclusions.- References.