Springer Electronics and Photonics

1. Introduction.- References.- 2. Bulk-Wave Acousto-Optic Bragg Diffraction.- 2.1 A Simple Experiment.- 2.2 Historical Perspective.- 2.3 Heuristic Picture.- 2.4 Parametric Excitation and Bragg Diffraction.- 2.5 A Quantum-Mechanical Point-of-View.- 2.6 Wave Theory.- 2.7 A Sample Calculation.- 2.8 The Reflection Case.- 2.9 Birefringent Bragg Diffraction.- 2.10 Acousto-Optic Materials.- 2.11 Conclusion.- References.- 3. Optical Waveguides - Theory and Technology.- 3.1 Background.- 3.2 Wave Equations and Wave Vectors.- 3.3 The Zigzag-Wave Model.- 3.4 The Potential-Well Model.- 3.5 Mode Equations of a Slab Waveguide.- 3.6 Mode Equations of a Channel Waveguide.- 3.7 Effective-Index Method.- 3.8 Diffused Waveguides and the WKB Method.- 3.9 Waveguide Materials.- 3.9.1 Glass.- 3.9.2 Semiconductor.- 3.9.3 Lithium Niobate.- 3.9.4 Channel Waveguides.- 3.9.5 Ridge and Metal-Clad Channel Waveguides.- 3.9.6 Coupling to a Dielectric Waveguide.- 3.9.7 The Prism.- 3.9.8 Fiber-Waveguide Coupling.- References.- 4. Excitation of Surface-Acoustic Waves by Use of Interdigital Electrode Transducers.- 4.1 Fundamentals of Transducer Operation.- 4.1.1 Equivalent Circuit Model.- 4.1.2 Transducer Admittance and Conversion Efficiency.- 4.1.3 An Important Example.- 4.2 Design of Transducer and Coupling Networks for Broad-Band Operations.- 4.2.1 The Transducer-Circuit Sub-System.- 4.2.2 Broad-Band Acoustic Design.- 4.2.3 Broad-Band Electric Circuit Design.- 4.2.4 Parasitic and Second-Order Effects.- 4.3 Summary.- References.- 5. Wideband Acousto-Optic Bragg Diffraction in LiNbO3 Waveguide and Applications.- 5.1 Guided-Wave Acousto-Optic Bragg Interactions in Planar Waveguides.- 5.1.1 Basic Planar Acousto-Optic Bragg Interaction Configuration and Mechanisms.- 5.1.2 Coupled-Mode Analysis on Acousto-Optic Bragg Diffraction from a Single-Surface Acoustic Wave.- 5.1.3 Diffraction Efficiency and Frequency Response.- 5.1.4 Three Potential Acousto-Optic Substrate Materials.- a) LiNbO3 Substrate.- b) GaAs Substrate.- c) SiO2, AS2S3 or SiO2-Si Substrates.- 5.2 Key Performance Parameters of Basic Planar Acousto-Optic Bragg Modulators and Deflectors.- 5.2.1 Bandwidth.- 5.2.2 Time-Bandwidth Product.- 5.2.3 Acoustic and RF Drive Powers.- 5.2.4 Nonlinearity and Dynamic Range.- 5.3 Guided-Wave Acousto-Optic Bragg Diffraction from Multiple Surface Acoustic Waves.- 5.3.1 Acousto-Optic Bragg Diffraction from Two Tilted SAWs.- 5.3.2 Acousto-Optic Bragg Diffraction from N-SAWs.- 5.3.3 Two Specific Wide-Band Configurations.- a) Tilted-SAWs Configuration.- b) Phased-SAWs Configuration.- 5.4 Realization of Wide-Band Planar Acousto-Optic Bragg Modulators and Deflectors.- 5.4.1 Principle and Design Procedure of Wide-Band Device Configurations.- a) Isotropic Diffraction with Multiple Tilted Transducers of Staggered Center Frequency.- b) Isotropic Diffraction with Phased-Array Transducers.- c) Isotropic Diffraction with Multiple Tilted.- Phased-Array Transducers.- d) Isotropic Diffraction with a Single Tilted-Finger, Chirp Transducer or an Array of Such Transducers.- e) Optimized Anisotropic Diffraction with Multiple Transducers of Staggered Center Frequency or a Parallel-Finger Chirp Transducer.- 5.4.2 Design, Fabrication, Testing, and Measured Device Performance.- a) Isotropic Device with Multiple Tilted Transducers of Staggered Center Frequency.- b) Isotropic Device with Multiple, Tilted Transducers of Improved Geometry.- c) Isotropic Device with Phased-Array Transducers.- d) Isotropic Device with a Tilted-Finger, Chirp Transducer.- e) Optimized Anisotropic Device with a Single Transducer of Large Aperture.- 5.4.3 Relative Merits of Single Transducer Versus Multiple Transducers.- 5.5 Applications in Optical Communications, Signal Processing, and Computing.- 5.5.1 Optical Communications.- a) Digital Deflection and Switching.- b) Analog Deflection and Switching.- c) Electronically Tunable Optical Wavelength Filtering.- d) Wide-Band Optical Frequency Shifting.- 5.5.2 Optical Signal Processing.- a) Spectral Anlysis of Very Wide-Band RF Signals.- b) Convolution of Wide-Band RF Signals.- c) Compression of RF Chirp Pulse.- d) Correlation of Wide-Band RF Signals.- 5.5.3 Optical Computing.- 5.6 Summary.- References.- 6. Guided-Wave Acousto-Optic Interaction in a ZnO Thin Film on a Nonpiezoelectric Substrate.- 6.1 Fabrication of ZnO Thin Film.- 6.1.1 DC Sputtering.- 6.1.2 RF Sputtering.- 6.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition.- 6.1.4 Some Other Methods.- 6.1.5 Progress in ZnO Technology.- 6.2 The ZnO Thin-Film Waveguide.- 6.2.1 Fused Quartz Substrate.- 6.2.2 Sapphire Substrate.- 6.2.3 Si Substrate.- 6.3 Excitation of SAW by ZnO Thin Films.- 6.4 Photoelastic Effect in ZnO.- 6.5 Acousto-Optic Interaction in ZnO Thin Film.- 6.5.1 Diffraction Efficiency.- 6.5.2 Bragg Condition.- 6.5.3 Mode Conversion; TE ? TM, TMi ? TMj.- 6.6 Combined Structure of ZnO and Other Thin Films.- References.- 7. Spectrum Analysis with Integrated Optics.- 7.1 Acousto-Optic Spectrum Analysis.- 7.1.1 Frequency Resolution and Bandwidth.- 7.1.2 Dynamic Range.- 7.2 The Integrated Optical Spectrum Analyzer.- 7.2.1 IOSA Features.- 7.2.2 Size Constraints.- 7.2.3 Dynamic Range.- 7.2.4 Materials.- 7.3 Components.- 7.3.1 Laser and Laser/Waveguide Coupling.- a) Semiconductor Diode Laser Characteristics.- b) Butt-Coupling.- 7.3.2 Waveguides.- a) Silicon.- b) Lithium Niobate.- 7.3.3 Waveguide Lenses.- a) Generalized Waveguide Luneburg Lens.- b) Diffraction Lenses.- c) Geodesic Lenses.- 7.3.4 Wideband Waveguide Bragg Cells.- a) Frequency Dependence of the Diffraction Efficiency.- b) Wideband Transducer Configurations.- c) SAW Attenuation.- 7.3.5 Detection and Signal Processing.- a) Detector Array Architecture.- b) Post-Detection Processing.- c) Detector Sensitivity.- d) Dynamic Range.- e) Speed.- f) Photodetector Pitch.- g) Photodetector Coupling.- 7.4 IOSA Demonstrations.- 7.5 Related Applications.- 7.5.1 Acousto-Optic Correlation.- 7.5.2 Dual Bragg Cell Configurations.- 7.5.3 Other Processing Options.- 7.6 Summary.- References.- 8. Integrated Acousto-Optic Device Modules and Applications.- 8.1 RF Spectrum Analyzer Modules in Nonpiezoelectric Substrates.- 8.2 Acousto-Optic Time-Integrating Correlator Module Using Anisotropic Bragg Diffraction.- 8.3 Crossed-Channel Waveguide Acousto-Optic Modulator/ Deflector and Frequency-Shifter Modules.- 8.4 Channel-Planar Composite Waveguide Acousto-Optic Bragg Modulator Modules.- 8.5 Multichannel RF Correlator Modules Using Acousto-Optic and Electro-Optic Bragg Diffractions.- 8.6 Planar-Waveguide Acousto-Optic Frequency-Shifter Module.- 8.7 GaAs Acousto-Optic Bragg Cell and RF Spectrum Analyzer Modules.- 8.7.1 Geometry, Design and Fabrication of Acousto-Optic Bragg Cells in GaAs Waveguides...- 8.7.2 Measured Performances of AO Bragg Cells.- 8.7.3 GHz Acousto-Optic Bragg Cells.- 8.7.4 RF Spectrum Analyzer Module.- 8.8 Spherical Waveguide Acousto-Optic Bragg Modulator/ Deflector and Frequency-Shifter Modules.- 8.8.1 Optical Guiding and Propagation in a Spherical Waveguide and Acousto-Optic Interaction Configuration.- 8.8.2 Acousto-Optic Diffraction Experiments.- 8.8.3 Applications to Communications and RF Signal Processing.- 8.8.4 Spherical Waveguide Acousto-Optic Frequency Shifter Module.- 8.8.5 Summary.- 8.9 Conclusion.- References.