Springer Chemical Physics

Understanding Plasma-Surface Interactions

By: R. E. H. Clark (Editor), D. H. Reiter (Editor)

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Hardcover | 18 February 2005

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484 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 3.18

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It became clear in the early days of fusion research that the effects of the containment vessel (erosion of "impurities") degrade the overall fusion plasma performance. Progress in controlled nuclear fusion research over the last decade has led to magnetically confined plasmas that, in turn, are sufficiently powerful to damage the vessel structures over its lifetime. This book reviews current understanding and concepts to deal with this remaining critical design issue for fusion reactors. It reviews both progress and open questions, largely in terms of available and sought-after plasma-surface interaction data and atomic/molecular data related to these "plasma edge" issues.

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Non-Fiction Science Physics Nuclear Physics Engineering & Technology Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Atomic & Molecular Physics Energy Technology & Engineering Nuclear Power & Engineering

Atomic and Surface Data Issues in Nuclear Fusion
Plasma-Wall Interaction: Status and Data Needs	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Key Issues of Plasma-Wall Interaction	p. 4
The ITER-Concept to Control Plasma-Wall Interaction	p. 7
The Crucial Processes and Data Needs for Modeling	p. 10
The Problem of Tritium Retention in Fusion Devices	p. 10
Location and Strength of Impurity Sources	p. 12
Migration of Eroded Materials and Layer Formation by Deposited Impurities	p. 17
Modeling of Erosion and Deposition	p. 21
Release of Hydrogen Atoms and Molecules from Recycling Processes	p. 24
Summary and Conclusions	p. 26
References	p. 27
Modeling of Fusion Edge Plasmas: Atomic and Molecular Data Issues	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Computational Edge Plasma Models	p. 30
The Fusion Edge Plasma Models	p. 34
Collisional Contributions to Braginskii Equations	p. 42
Standard Form of Source Terms	p. 44
The I-Integral Representation	p. 45
Application to Elastic Neutral Ion Collisions	p. 48
Applications	p. 50
Applications to TEXTOR	p. 52
Applications to ASDEX Upgrade	p. 54
Conclusions, Outlook	p. 59
References	p. 59
Energy Deposition from ELMs in Fusion Devices	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Features of the Regime of Enhanced Energy Confinement (H-Mode)	p. 62
Characteristics of ELMs and Their Effects on the Pedestal Plasma	p. 66
Characteristics of Type I ELM Energy and Particle Losses from the Core Plasma	p. 71
Dynamics and Timescales for the Type I ELM Energy and Particle Losses from the Core Plasma	p. 74
Magnitude of the Type I ELM Energy and Particle Losses from the Core Plasma and Their Extrapolation to Next Step Burning Plasma Experiments	p. 76
Energy Fluxes to PFCs During Type I ELMs in Existing Experiments and Implications for Burning Plasma Experiments	p. 81
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of the Type I ELM Energy Fluxes to PFCs	p. 81
Implications of the Type I ELM Energy Fluxesto PFCs in Burning Plasma Experiments: Application to the ITER Reference Q_DT = 10 Scenario	p. 87
Summary and Conclusions	p. 93
References	p. 94
Plasma Diagnostics
Molecular Diagnostics of Cold Edge Plasmas	p. 99
Molecules in Low Temperature Plasmas	p. 99
Molecular Emission Spectroscopy	p. 101
Interpretation of Molecular Spectra	p. 102
Molecular Hydrogen and Collisional-Radiative Modeling	p. 106
Flux Measurements	p. 108
Role of Molecular Hydrogen in Recombination (MAR)	p. 109
Vibrational Population of Hydrogen	p. 111
Measurements and Calculations	p. 112
Surface Effects	p. 113
Hydrocarbons and Chemical Erosion	p. 114
Dissociation, Radiation and Carbon Fluxes	p. 115
Gas Puff Experiments	p. 117
Erosion Yields in Laboratory Plasmas	p. 117
Conclusions	p. 119
References	p. 119
Divertor Spectroscopy with Molecular Transport	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Hydrogen Molecules in Attached Divertor Plasmas	p. 122
Hydrocarbon Molecules in Attached Divertor Plasmas	p. 127
Molecules in Detached Divertor Plasmas	p. 129
Conclusions	p. 132
References	p. 133
High-Temperature Plasma Edge Diagnostics	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Techniques and Methods	p. 137
Observation Geometries	p. 137
Evaluation Methods	p. 138
Results	p. 141
Relevant Elements	p. 141
Carbon	p. 142
Hydrocarbons	p. 144
Hydrogen/Deuterium	p. 147
Low-Z Impurities: Oxygen	p. 151
Medium-Z Impurities: Neon and Silicon	p. 152
High-Z Impurities: Molybdenum and Tungsten	p. 154
Atomic Helium Beams	p. 155
Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 158
References	p. 158
X-ray Spectroscopy of High n Transitions of He- and Ne-Like Ions in Alcator C-Mod Plasmas	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
Experiment Description	p. 165
Code Descriptions	p. 166
He-Like and Neighboring Ions	p. 167
Ne-Like and Neighboring Ions	p. 172
Conclusions	p. 178
References	p. 179
High-Temperature Plasmas Diagnostics by X-ray Spectroscopy in the Low Density Limit	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
X-ray Spectrometers	p. 185
Atomic Physics of He-Like Spectra	p. 187
Excitation	p. 188
Dielectronic Recombination	p. 189
Radiative Recombination	p. 190
Charge Exchange Recombination	p. 191
Inner-Shell Excitation	p. 191
Inner-Shell Ionization	p. 191
Determination of Plasma Parameters	p. 192
Electron and Ion Temperature, Toroidal Plasma Velocity	p. 194
Relative Abundance of Charged States	p. 194
Conclusions	p. 197
References	p. 198
Surface Processes and Material Issues
Review and Status of Physical Sputtering and Chemical Erosion of Plasma Facing Materials	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Physical Sputtering	p. 204
Sputtering of Pure Elements	p. 204
Sputtering by Non-recycling Ions (Mixed Materials)	p. 209
Extrapolation to Fusion Reactor Conditions	p. 212
Chemical Erosion	p. 213
Present Understanding of Atomistic Processes	p. 213
Eroded Species and Sticking Coefficient	p. 215
Flux Dependence	p. 218
Fluence Dependence and Surface Topography	p. 219
Doping for Reduction of the Chemical Erosion Yield	p. 219
Open Questions and Data Needs	p. 221
References	p. 222
Hydrogen Retention in and Release from Carbon Materials	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
Hydrogen Retention in Pure and Doped Carbon Materials	p. 226
Implantation and Diffusion	p. 226
Co-deposition	p. 230
Effect of Neutron Damage	p. 230
Hydrogen Release from Graphite	p. 231
Re-emission	p. 231
Thermal Release During Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS)	p. 232
H-Isotope Removal from C-Based Co-deposits	p. 234
Tritium Removal Experience in TFTR and JET	p. 235
R&D of Co-deposit Removal Techniques	p. 237
Conclusion	p. 242
References	p. 244
Interaction of Low-Energy Ions and Hydrocarbon Radicals with Carbon Surfaces	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Properties of Hydrocarbon Layers	p. 251
Experimental	p. 254
The Cavity Technique	p. 254
Particle-Beam Experiments	p. 257
Results	p. 258
Surface Loss Probabilities	p. 258
Sticking Coefficient of CH₃ Radicals	p. 262
Synergistic Interaction of CH₃ and Atomic Hydrogen	p. 267
Chemical Sputtering	p. 272
Ion-Induced Deposition	p. 278
Conclusions	p. 280
References	p. 281
Tritium Inventory in the Materials of the ITER Plasma-Facing Components	p. 287
Introduction	p. 288
Historical Perspective	p. 289
Highlights of the ITER Design and Suitable Plasma-Facing Material Options	p. 291
ITER Design	p. 291
Plasma Facing Materials	p. 293
Tritium-Related Constraints on a BPX Operation Schedule	p. 296
Summary of Recent Experimental Findings	p. 299
ITER Tritium Retention Estimates and Uncertainties	p. 305
Further Research and Development (R&D) Needs	p. 308
Conclusions	p. 312
References	p. 314
Mixed and High-Z Plasma-Facing Materials in TEXTOR	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
Silicon-Carbon Material	p. 320
Siliconization	p. 320
Silicon-Doped CFC Material	p. 321
Twin Limiter Experiments	p. 322
B₄C-Coated Copper Limiter	p. 326
Modeling of Erosion, Deposition and Impurity Transport with the ERO-TEXTOR Code	p. 329
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 331
References	p. 332
Beryllium and Liquid Metals as Plasma Facing Materials	p. 335
Introduction	p. 335
Erosion	p. 336
Physical Sputtering of Beryllium	p. 336
Mixed-Material Erosion	p. 338
Physical Sputtering of Liquid Metal Surfaces	p. 342
Erosion of Surfaces at Elevated Temperature	p. 345
Hydrogen Isotope Retention	p. 347
Retention in Beryllium	p. 347
Retention in BeO and Mixed Be Materials	p. 349
Retention in Li and Ga	p. 352
Conclusion	p. 354
References	p. 355
Databases
IAEA Databases and Database Establishment Programs	p. 361
Introduction	p. 361
Overview	p. 362
Advisory Groups	p. 362
Co-ordinated Research Projects	p. 364
A+M Unit Products	p. 366
Electronic Databases	p. 366
References	p. 370
NIFS DATABASE and Cooperation with IAEA DCN	p. 371
Introduction	p. 371
NIFS DATABASE	p. 372
IFS DPC Collaboration Program	p. 374
Domestic Collaboration	p. 374
International Collaboration	p. 376
Data Center Network (DCN)	p. 378
Recent Research Activities	p. 380
Conclusion	p. 382
References	p. 382
The NIST Atomic Structure Databases	p. 385
Introduction	p. 385
Data Dissemination on the Internet	p. 386
The Scope of the NIST ASD Database	p. 387
Interactive Features	p. 389
Related NIST Databases	p. 389
Some Sample Searches	p. 390
Data Quality	p. 395
Outlook	p. 396
References	p. 397
The Atomic Data and Analysis Structure	p. 399
Introduction	p. 399
General Principles of ADAS	p. 400
ADAS Code and Data Organization	p. 401
IDL-ADAS	p. 401
Data and Data Formats	p. 404
Offline ADAS	p. 405
Current Directions	p. 408
Errors and Uncertainties	p. 408
Non-Maxwellian Electron Distributions	p. 409
Spectral Visualization for Heavy Species	p. 410
ADAS Special Projects	p. 411
The DR Project	p. 411
References	p. 413
Collision Processes of Atomic and Molecular Hydrogen in Fusion Plasmas: The Cross-Section Data Status	p. 415
Introduction	p. 415
Hydrogen Atom Collision Processes	p. 417
Collision Processes of Molecular Hydrogen and Its Ions	p. 420
Collision Processes of Hydrogen Molecules	p. 420
Decay Processes of Electronically Excited H₂ States	p. 424
Collision Processes of <$>{\rm H}_2^+<$> Ions	p. 425
Processes Involving H⁻ and <$>{\rm H}_3^+<$> Ions	p. 428
Major Gaps in the H/H₂ Collision Database	p. 429
Concluding Remarks	p. 431
References	p. 432
Partial and Differential Electron Impact Ionization Cross-Sections for Small Hydrocarbon Molecules	p. 437
Introduction	p. 437
Experimental	p. 440
Results	p. 442
References	p. 454
Index	p. 457
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Springer Chemical Physics

Understanding Plasma-Surface Interactions

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