| The Mutual Influence of the Tool and the Organisation | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Integration Versus Communication | p. 2 |
| Unification Versus Interpretation | p. 7 |
| Alignment Versus Adaptability | p. 8 |
| New Developments in ERP Integration | p. 9 |
| References | p. 10 |
| ERP Systems in the Extended Value Chain of the Food Industry | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| Research Methodology | p. 15 |
| Integrating the Extended Value Chain with ICT | p. 16 |
| Integrated Information Infrastructures | p. 16 |
| Information Infrastructures in the Extended Value Chain | p. 16 |
| The Food Industry as Extended Value Chain | p. 17 |
| The Swedish Food Industry | p. 17 |
| Milk Flow | p. 18 |
| Pork Flow | p. 19 |
| Sugar Flow | p. 19 |
| Pea Flow | p. 20 |
| Retailers and Grocery Chains Information Flow | p. 20 |
| Summary | p. 21 |
| Key Criteria for Integration Choices | p. 22 |
| Conclusions | p. 23 |
| References | p. 24 |
| Integrative Technologies in the Workplace: Using Distributed Cognition to Frame the Challenges Associated with their Implementation | p. 27 |
| The Integrative Logic of ERP Systems | p. 27 |
| Distributed Cognition: A Framework to Study Integrative Technologies | p. 29 |
| Mutating Artefacts, Mutating Work: The Case of Billing Services in a Hospital Environment | p. 31 |
| Some Methodological Points of Reference and a Description of the Visited Site | p. 31 |
| The Computerisation of Account Billing: The Evolution of Documents and of Clerical Work | p. 32 |
| From Paper to Screen: Analysing the Change that Organisational Members Experienced | p. 37 |
| Articulating Regularities Within the Artefacts Themselves | p. 37 |
| The Contribution of Distributed Cognition to the Study of Integrative Technologies in the Workplace | p. 42 |
| The Nature of Regularities Circulating in Artefacts Used in the Workplace | p. 42 |
| The Syntactic Organisation of Regularities Within Integrative Technologies | p. 43 |
| Artefacts and Situations Are Mutually Defined Through Human Decisions | p. 44 |
| References | p. 45 |
| ERP Implementation: the Question of Global Control Versus Local Efficiency | p. 47 |
| Introduction | p. 47 |
| ERP and Information Production Design | p. 48 |
| The ""Scientific Organisation of Labour"" Applied to ""Ordinary"" Information and Knowledge | p. 48 |
| A Focus on Information which Can Be Formalised, and on Basic Exchange of Information | p. 48 |
| Logic Priorities and Questions of Sense-making | p. 50 |
| Inter-changeability of Information Producers | p. 51 |
| ERP Combined with Business Process Re-engineering and Business Process Outsourcing: Re-designing the Organisation While Transforming its Information System | p. 51 |
| Value-adding Versus Non-value-adding Activities | p. 51 |
| Re-engineering, Outsourcing, and the Robustness of Information Processes | p. 52 |
| Contradictory Dynamics Relying on Local Employees and on Project Teams | p. 53 |
| Project Teams Dealing with Local Versus Global Contradictory Dynamics | p. 53 |
| The Selection of ""Expert Users"" | p. 53 |
| The ""Expert Users"": the Gap Between First Hopes and Final Results | p. 54 |
| Back to the Definition of Information and Knowledge Associated with ERP Design | p. 55 |
| Knowledge Management Renewed Through ERP Projects | p. 55 |
| The Need for Going Back to Definition: Data, Information and Knowledge | p. 56 |
| Conclusion | p. 56 |
| References | p. 57 |
| Why ERPs Disappoint: the Importance of Getting the Organisational Text Right | p. 59 |
| Introduction | p. 59 |
| What Is an Organisation (and What Is Its Basis in Communication)? | p. 64 |
| The Case Study | p. 66 |
| A Reconciliation of Texts? | p. 72 |
| Are Conversation and Text Different Modalities of Communication, or Merely Different Perspectives on it? | p. 73 |
| Buying, Procuring or Purchasing? Whose Categories? | p. 74 |
| The Organisation as Text | p. 78 |
| The Role of Conversation | p. 81 |
| Conclusion | p. 82 |
| References | p. 83 |
| Contradictions and the Appropriation of ERP Packages | p. 85 |
| Introduction | p. 85 |
| Views of Information and Communications Technology Appropriation Processes | p. 86 |
| Coping with Contradictions and ERP Packages | p. 88 |
| The Idealisation of ERP Packages | p. 89 |
| The Myth of the Perfect ERP Service | p. 90 |
| Contradictions and Relevant Social Groups | p. 91 |
| Discussion | p. 92 |
| Conclusion | p. 95 |
| References | p. 96 |
| Exploring Functional Legitimacy Within Organisations: Lessons to Be Learnt from Suchman's Typology. The Case of the Purchasing Function and SAP Implementation | p. 101 |
| Introduction: Revisiting Weber's Bureaucratic Organisation. Challenging the Power of Functions and Their Quest for Legitimacy Within Organisations | p. 101 |
| Suchman's Contribution and Suchman's Typology in the Debate on the Nature of Legitimacy | p. 103 |
| Suchman's Theoretical Framework and his Definition of Legitimacy | p. 103 |
| The Contribution of Suchman's Typology to the Understanding of the Concept of Legitimacy | p. 107 |
| Putting Suchman's Typology into Practice: an Analysis of the Legitimisation Process of a Purchasing Department During the Implementation of an ERP System | p. 109 |
| Presentation of the Case Study | p. 109 |
| Application of Suchman's Typology and Discussion | p. 113 |
| References | p. 116 |
| How to Take into Account the Intuitive Behaviour of the Organisations in the ERP? | p. 119 |
| The Enterprise: a Complex Mix of Various Trades Organised in Business Processes | p. 119 |
| Enterprise Resource Planning to Support Business Processes | p. 121 |
| EDME Company: a Real Industrial Example | p. 122 |
| Which Requirements for Business Processes in a Changing Environment? | p. 125 |
| Autonomy and Competition: the Performance Weight | p. 127 |
| Towards a Tool to Manage the Decision Processes Environment | p. 129 |
| How to Transform Authority in Performance Drivers | p. 132 |
| How to Take into Account the Intuitive Behaviour of the Organisations in the ERP? | p. 133 |
| References | p. 136 |
| Process Alignment or ERP Customisation: Is There a Unique Answer?.139 | |
| Introduction | p. 139 |
| The ERP as a Tool for Change Management | p. 140 |
| Process Re-engineering, Change Management and Industrial Culture | p. 141 |
| Global Versus Local Performance | p. 142 |
| Interaction with the ERP Package | p. 143 |
| ERP Implementation and Business Process Alignment | p. 144 |
| The Problem of Business Process Alignment | p. 144 |
| Industrial Problems Linked to Alignment | p. 146 |
| Customisation of the ERP Package | p. 148 |
| Parameterisation, Configuration and Customisation | p. 148 |
| Customisation as a Means to Adapt the System to Specific Requirements | p. 150 |
| Can Standard Processes or Customisation Bring a Competitive Advantage? | p. 152 |
| Conclusion | p. 154 |
| References | p. 154 |
| Process Alignment Maturity in Changing Organisations | p. 157 |
| Introduction | p. 157 |
| ERP: After the Project, the Post-project | p. 158 |
| The ""Post-project"" Phase in Academic Literature | p. 158 |
| The Tool and Its Use | p. 159 |
| Synthesis of ERP Surveys | p. 161 |
| Investigations into ERP Projects | p. 161 |
| Investigations into ERP Optimisation Strategies | p. 164 |
| Towards a Maturity Model for ERP ""Good Use"" | p. 165 |
| Model Characteristics | p. 167 |
| Towards a Guideline for ERP Use Improvement | p. 168 |
| Organisational and Temporal Heterogeneousness of an Information System | p. 169 |
| The Organisational Heterogeneousness | p. 169 |
| The Temporal Heterogeneousness | p. 171 |
| Dependences in the Model of Maturity | p. 172 |
| Towards the Construction of a Learning Path | p. 176 |
| Conclusion | p. 178 |
| References | p. 178 |
| A Cross-cultural Analysis of ERP Implementation by US and Greek Companies | p. 181 |
| Introduction | p. 181 |
| Literature Review | p. 182 |
| Prescriptive Literature on ERP | p. 182 |
| Cultural Studies on ERP | p. 183 |
| Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions and Propositions | p. 184 |
| Methodology | p. 186 |
| Case Analysis: Implementation and Discussion | p. 186 |
| US Case Study Company: US Global Energy Corporation | p. 187 |
| Greek Case Study Company: Greek Coating Corporation | p. 187 |
| Discussion | p. 188 |
| Conclusions | p. 190 |
| References | p. 198 |
| Appendix - Utilisation of Suchman's Paper | p. 201 |
| Index | p. 213 |
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