| Setting the Stage for Structured Populations | p. 1 |
| Useful Definitions for Graphs | p. 2 |
| Main Graph Structures of Populations | p. 5 |
| Island or Multipopulation Models | p. 6 |
| Cellular Models | p. 7 |
| Other Topologies | p. 8 |
| Island Models | p. 11 |
| History and Background | p. 11 |
| Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Islands | p. 14 |
| Theoretical Results | p. 14 |
| Asynchronous Islands | p. 17 |
| Island Models: Empirical Properties | p. 19 |
| An Experimental Investigation | p. 19 |
| Description of the Test Problems | p. 19 |
| Multipopulation GP Parameters | p. 20 |
| Performance Measures and Statistics | p. 21 |
| Number of Subpopulations and Their Size | p. 23 |
| Isolated Populations vs. Standard GP | p. 23 |
| Communicating Islands vs. Standard GP | p. 27 |
| Comparing Communication Topologies | p. 30 |
| Migration Parameters | p. 33 |
| Summary of Case Study | p. 37 |
| The Role of Diversity | p. 37 |
| Diversity Measures | p. 38 |
| Experimental Results | p. 40 |
| Summary | p. 44 |
| Asynchronous Island Models | p. 44 |
| Experimental Results | p. 46 |
| Lattice Cellular Models | p. 53 |
| Takeover Time | p. 54 |
| Synchronous cEAs | p. 55 |
| The Time Dimension: Asynchronous cEAs | p. 57 |
| Models and Their Validation | p. 59 |
| Mathematical Models | p. 59 |
| Limitations of Logistic Modeling | p. 60 |
| The Ring Structure | p. 62 |
| The Torus Structure | p. 66 |
| Experimental Validation | p. 70 |
| Ring Structure | p. 70 |
| Torus Structure | p. 73 |
| Rectangular Toroidal Structures | p. 76 |
| Validation of the Rectangular Toroidal Models | p. 78 |
| Varying the Radius | p. 79 |
| Summary | p. 80 |
| Lattice Cellular Models: Empirical Properties | p. 85 |
| cGA Case Study | p. 85 |
| Varying the Lattice Shape | p. 86 |
| Selection Pressure, Grid Shape and Time | p. 87 |
| Test Suite | p. 88 |
| Discrete Optimization Problems | p. 90 |
| Experimental Analysis | p. 93 |
| Continuous Optimization Problems | p. 96 |
| Experimental Analysis | p. 97 |
| Cellular Genetic Programming | p. 100 |
| Experimental Results | p. 100 |
| Fitness Evolution | p. 100 |
| Diversity Evolution | p. 101 |
| Summary | p. 104 |
| Random and Irregular Cellular Populations | p. 107 |
| Random Graphs | p. 108 |
| Selection Intensity in Random Cellular Populations | p. 109 |
| Experimental Results | p. 111 |
| Small-World Networks | p. 113 |
| Some Graph Statistics | p. 116 |
| The Watts-Strogatz Model | p. 118 |
| The Barabasi-Albert Model | p. 119 |
| Selection Intensity in Small-World Networks | p. 120 |
| Watts-Strogatz Model | p. 120 |
| Barabasi-Albert Model | p. 122 |
| Summary | p. 124 |
| Coevolutionary Structured Models | p. 125 |
| What Is Coevolution? | p. 125 |
| Cooperative Coevolution | p. 126 |
| Competitive Coevolution: Hosts and Parasites | p. 127 |
| A Case Study: Coevolution of Cellular Automata | p. 130 |
| Cellular Automata | p. 131 |
| The Majority Task | p. 131 |
| Artificial Evolution of CAs for the Majority Task | p. 133 |
| Coevolving Uniform CAs for the Majority Task | p. 134 |
| Coevolving Nonuniform CAs for the Majority Task | p. 137 |
| Results for the Density Task | p. 139 |
| Summary | p. 141 |
| Some Nonconventional Models | p. 143 |
| Nonconventional Island Models | p. 144 |
| The Injection Island Model | p. 144 |
| Islands with Variable Population Size | p. 145 |
| Nonconventional Cellular Models | p. 151 |
| The Patchwork Model | p. 152 |
| Dynamic Neighborhoods in Cellular Evolution Strategies | p. 153 |
| Implementation Notes | p. 157 |
| Computing Environment | p. 158 |
| MPI | p. 158 |
| Implementation of Island EAs | p. 159 |
| Synchronous Islands | p. 159 |
| Asynchronous Islands | p. 165 |
| Summary | p. 168 |
| Implementation of Lattice Cellular EAs | p. 168 |
| Synchronous Cellular EAs | p. 168 |
| Asynchronous Cellular EAs | p. 170 |
| Performance Measures and Speedup | p. 170 |
| A Remark on Pseudorandom Number Generators | p. 173 |
| References | p. 177 |
| Index | p. 189 |
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