| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Crowded Spectrum | p. 1 |
| Need for High Data Rates | p. 1 |
| Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems | p. 6 |
| Internet Protocol | p. 8 |
| Routing Operations | p. 8 |
| The Transmission Control Protocol | p. 8 |
| Wireless Internet Protocol | p. 11 |
| References | p. 12 |
| The MIMO Wireless Channel | p. 15 |
| Introduction | p. 15 |
| Preliminaries | p. 15 |
| Multiantenna Systems | p. 15 |
| Array Gain | p. 15 |
| Diversity Gain | p. 16 |
| Data Pipes | p. 18 |
| Spatial Multiplexing | p. 19 |
| Additional Terms | p. 19 |
| MIMO System Model | p. 20 |
| MIMO System Capacity | p. 22 |
| Channel Unknown to the Transmitter | p. 23 |
| Channel Known to the Transmitter | p. 24 |
| Water-Pouring Principle | p. 24 |
| Capacity When Channel Is Known to the Transmitter | p. 26 |
| Deterministic Channels | p. 27 |
| SIMO Channel Capacity | p. 27 |
| MISO Channel Capacity | p. 28 |
| Random Channels | p. 29 |
| Ergodic Capacity | p. 30 |
| Outage Capacity | p. 31 |
| Influence of Fading Correlation on MIMO Capacity | p. 32 |
| Influence of LOS on MIMO Capacity | p. 35 |
| Influence of XPD on MIMO Capacity | p. 38 |
| Keyhole Effect: Degenerate Channels | p. 39 |
| Capacity of Frequency Selective MIMO Channels | p. 42 |
| Channel Unknown to the Transmitter | p. 43 |
| Channel Known to the Transmitter | p. 44 |
| References | p. 45 |
| Channel Propagation, Fading, and Link Budget Analysis | p. 47 |
| Introduction | p. 47 |
| Radio Wave Propagation | p. 47 |
| Reflection | p. 47 |
| Diffraction | p. 48 |
| Scattering | p. 48 |
| Large-Scale Fading or Macroscopic Fading | p. 50 |
| Free-Space Propagation Model | p. 50 |
| Outdoor Propagation Models | p. 53 |
| Small-Scale Fading | p. 57 |
| Microscopic Fading | p. 58 |
| Microscopic Fading Measurements | p. 65 |
| Direct Pulse Measurements | p. 66 |
| Spread-Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding | p. 66 |
| Frequency Domain Channel Sounding | p. 68 |
| Antenna Diversity | p. 69 |
| Diversity Combining Methods | p. 69 |
| MIMO Channels | p. 73 |
| References | p. 73 |
| Space-Time Block Coding | p. 75 |
| Introduction | p. 75 |
| Delay Diversity Scheme | p. 75 |
| Alamouti Space-Time Code | p. 76 |
| Maximum Likelihood Decoding | p. 78 |
| Maximum Ratio Combining | p. 78 |
| Transmit Diversity | p. 79 |
| Summary of Alamouti's Scheme | p. 80 |
| Space-Time Block Codes | p. 80 |
| STBC for Real Signal Constellations | p. 82 |
| STBC for Complex Signal Constellations | p. 84 |
| Decoding of STBC | p. 86 |
| Simulation Results | p. 88 |
| Imperfect Channel Estimation: A Performance Analysis | p. 92 |
| Least Squares Estimation | p. 93 |
| Minimum Mean Squares Estimation | p. 94 |
| Channel Estimation Algorithm Using the FFT Method | p. 95 |
| Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance | p. 97 |
| Dominant Eigenmode Transmission | p. 98 |
| Capacity of OSTBC Channels | p. 100 |
| Simulation Exercises | p. 101 |
| References | p. 101 |
| Space-Time Trellis Codes | p. 103 |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| Space-Time Coded Systems | p. 103 |
| Space-Time Code Word Design Criteria | p. 105 |
| Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Slow Fading Channels | p. 107 |
| Error Probability on Slow Fading Channels | p. 107 |
| Design Criteria for Slow Rayleigh Fading STTCs | p. 109 |
| Encoding/Decoding of STTCs for Quasi-Static Flat Fading Channels | p. 113 |
| Code Construction for Quasi-Static Flat Fading Channels | p. 116 |
| Example Using 4-PSK | p. 117 |
| Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Fast Fading Channels | p. 121 |
| Error Probability on Fast Fading Channels | p. 121 |
| Performance Analysis in a Slow Fading Channel | p. 126 |
| Performance Analysis in a Fast Fading Channel | p. 128 |
| The Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Code Performance | p. 128 |
| Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance | p. 130 |
| Delay Diversity as an STTC | p. 130 |
| Comparison of STBC and STTC | p. 131 |
| Simulation Exercises | p. 134 |
| References | p. 135 |
| Layered Space-Time Codes | p. 137 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| LST Transmitters: Types of Encoding | p. 137 |
| Horizontal Encoding | p. 137 |
| Vertical Encoding | p. 144 |
| Layered Space-Time Coding: Design Criteria | p. 148 |
| Performance Analysis of an HLST System | p. 149 |
| Performance Analysis of a DLST System | p. 152 |
| Code Design Criteria | p. 154 |
| LST Receivers | p. 157 |
| ML Receiver | p. 157 |
| Zero-Forcing Receiver | p. 157 |
| MMSE Receiver | p. 158 |
| Successive Cancellation Receiver | p. 158 |
| Zero Forcing V-BLAST Receiver | p. 159 |
| MMSE V-BLAST Receiver | p. 159 |
| Simulation Results | p. 160 |
| Receivers for HLST and DLST Systems | p. 161 |
| Iterative Receivers | p. 161 |
| The Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Code Performance | p. 162 |
| Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance | p. 162 |
| Diversity Performance of SM Receivers | p. 162 |
| Summary | p. 163 |
| Simulation Exercises | p. 164 |
| References | p. 164 |
| Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| Basic Principles | p. 165 |
| Data Transmission over Multipath Channels | p. 165 |
| Single Carrier Approach | p. 165 |
| Multicarrier Approach | p. 167 |
| OFDM | p. 167 |
| OFDM Generation | p. 168 |
| Synchronization Issues | p. 171 |
| Symbol Time and Frequency Carrier Offset Derivation | p. 171 |
| Survey of Synchronization Techniques | p. 178 |
| Symbol Synchronization | p. 178 |
| Frequency Offset Estimation | p. 189 |
| Carrier Synchronization | p. 190 |
| Pilots | p. 191 |
| Cyclic Prefix | p. 191 |
| Sampling-Frequency Synchronization | p. 191 |
| Performance Analysis of Synchronization Techniques | p. 192 |
| Symbol Synchronization | p. 192 |
| ML Estimation of Timing and Frequency Offset | p. 193 |
| The Correlation Algorithm Using the Guard Interval | p. 194 |
| Carrier Synchronization | p. 195 |
| Pilots | p. 195 |
| Sampling-Frequency Synchronization | p. 198 |
| Observations | p. 198 |
| Suggested Solution to the Synchronization Problem | p. 199 |
| Channel Estimation | p. 200 |
| Peak to Average Power Ratio | p. 200 |
| Schemes for Reduction of PAPR | p. 201 |
| Application to Packet Transmission Systems | p. 206 |
| Conclusions | p. 206 |
| Simulation Exercises | p. 207 |
| References | p. 207 |
| IEEE 802.11a Packet Transmission System | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 209 |
| Background | p. 210 |
| Wireless LAN Topology | p. 210 |
| IEEE 802.11 Standard Family | p. 211 |
| 802.11 | p. 211 |
| 802.11b | p. 211 |
| 802.11a | p. 212 |
| Others | p. 212 |
| WLAN Protocol Layer Architecture | p. 212 |
| Medium Access Control | p. 213 |
| IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer | p. 213 |
| Physical Layer | p. 215 |
| Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum | p. 216 |
| Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum | p. 216 |
| Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and 5-GHz WLAN Physical Layer | p. 217 |
| Synchronization and Packet Detection Algorithms | p. 224 |
| Packet Detection | p. 224 |
| Symbol Timing | p. 226 |
| Sampling Clock Frequency Error | p. 227 |
| Carrier Frequency Synchronization | p. 229 |
| Carrier Phase Tracking | p. 232 |
| Channel Estimation | p. 233 |
| References | p. 234 |
| Space-Time Coding for Broadband Channel | p. 237 |
| Introduction | p. 237 |
| Performance of Space-Time Coding on Frequency-Selective Fading Channels | p. 237 |
| Space-Time Coding in Wideband OFDM Systems | p. 239 |
| Capacity of MIMO-OFDM Systems | p. 240 |
| Assumptions | p. 242 |
| Mutual Information | p. 244 |
| Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity | p. 246 |
| Influence of Channel and System Parameters on Capacity | p. 247 |
| Simulations | p. 251 |
| Summary | p. 254 |
| Performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM Systems | p. 254 |
| Analysis | p. 260 |
| CDMA-OFDM-MIMO | p. 260 |
| Introduction | p. 260 |
| Overall System Concept | p. 262 |
| Comparison with MC-CDMA | p. 267 |
| Interfacing with MIMO | p. 272 |
| Simulation Exercises | p. 272 |
| References | p. 272 |
| The Way Ahead | p. 275 |
| Introduction | p. 275 |
| MIMO Multiuser | p. 275 |
| Capacity in the Uplink | p. 276 |
| Linear Dispersion Coding | p. 280 |
| Hassibi and Hochwald Method | p. 281 |
| Method of Heath and Paulraj | p. 288 |
| Conclusion | p. 292 |
| References | p. 292 |
| Wideband Simulator: Description and Explanatory Notes | p. 295 |
| Introduction | p. 295 |
| Files Listing | p. 295 |
| SISO Mode | p. 297 |
| SIMO Mode | p. 300 |
| MISO/MIMO Mode | p. 301 |
| V-BLAST Mode | p. 302 |
| Reference | p. 303 |
| Narrowband Simulator | p. 305 |
| Introduction | p. 305 |
| Description | p. 305 |
| List of Acronyms | p. 307 |
| List of Symbols | p. 311 |
| About the Author | p. 313 |
| Index | p. 315 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
