Space Technology Library

Research on Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space

By: Gilles ClÃ©ment (Editor), K. Slenzka (Editor)

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Hardcover | 12 July 2006

At a Glance

Hardcover
396 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 15.88 x 2.54

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This book is intended as an overview at an undergraduate or early university level and describes the effects of spaceflight at cellular and organism levels. Past, current, and future research on the effects of gravity - or its absence - and ionizing radiation on the evolution, development, and function of living organisms is presented in layman's terms by researchers who have been active in this field. The purpose is to enlighten science and non-science readers to the benefits of space biology research for conducting basic and applied research to support human exploration of space and to take advantage of the space environment as a laboratory for scientific, technological, and commercial research.

The first chapters present an overview of the major focuses of space research in biology, as well as the history and the list of animals and plants that have flown in space to date. The following chapters describe the main results of space studies in gravitational biology, developmental biology, radiation biology, and biotechnology. A background is given in each chapter, so that a minimum of prior coursework in biology is necessary for full comprehension. Each chapter also includes perspectives for future research and a list of references.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Space Science Science Physics Applied Physics Astrophysics Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Astronomy, Space & Time Theoretical & Mathematical Astronomy

Transport Technology & Trades Aerospace & Aviation Technology Molecular Biology Cellular Biology Technology in General Engineering in General

Foreword	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xviii
Introduction to Space Biology	p. 1
Space Biology: What Is It?	p. 1
Definitions	p. 3
Objectives of Space Biology	p. 6
Why Sending Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space	p. 8
Justification for Animal Models	p. 9
Frequently Asked Questions	p. 11
How Many Animals Have Flown in Space?	p. 11
How do Animals React to Microgravity?	p. 11
Why Studying Microbes in Space?	p. 11
Why Growing Plants in Space?	p. 12
Gravitational Biology	p. 13
Principles of Gravitational Biology	p. 14
Cell Physics	p. 16
Research Questions	p. 19
Effects of Gravity on Cell Shape, Function, and Growth	p. 21
Specialized Cells in Vitro	p. 22
Gravity-Sensing Mechanisms	p. 23
Development Biology	p. 25
Principles of Developmental Biology	p. 26
The Making of a Living Organism	p. 26
Reproduction	p. 27
Differentiation and Embryogenesis	p. 30
Genetic Analyses	p. 31
Research Questions	p. 33
Plant Biology	p. 36
Gravitropism	p. 38
Development of Plants	p. 38
Research Questions	p. 39
Radiation Biology	p. 41
Biotechnology	p. 43
Definition	p. 43
Protein Crystals Analysis	p. 44
Tissue and Cell Culture	p. 45
New Technology	p. 47
References	p. 48
Animals and Plants in Space	p. 51
Spaceflight History	p. 51
Preparation for Human Spaceflights	p. 52
Suborbital Flights	p. 52
Orbital Flights	p. 55
Beginning of Systematic Biological Investigations	p. 57
Orbital Space Biology Laboratories	p. 60
Organisms Studied in Space	p. 62
Model Organisms	p. 64
Bacteria	p. 65
Yeast	p. 66
Nematodes	p. 66
Drosophila	p. 67
Mammals	p. 68
Plants	p. 71
The Classics	p. 73
Amphibians	p. 74
Fish	p. 75
Avian	p. 76
Conclusion	p. 78
References	p. 79
Facilities for Gravitational Biology	p. 81
Tools to Study the Effects of Gravity	p. 81
Microgravity Facilities	p. 82
Balloon Flights	p. 82
Drop Towers/Shafts	p. 83
Parabolic Flight	p. 83
Sounding Rockets	p. 84
Biosatellites	p. 84
Soyuz	p. 86
Space Shuttle	p. 87
Spacelab & SpaceHab	p. 88
International Space Station	p. 89
Ground-Based Simulations	p. 91
Clinostat & Bioreactor	p. 92
Centrifuge	p. 95
Muscle Unloading	p. 96
Issues in Conducting Space Biology Experiments	p. 97
Choice of Species	p. 97
Loading and Retrieval	p. 98
Control Groups	p. 99
Space Biology Facilities	p. 101
Cell Biology Facilities	p. 101
Animal Research Facilities	p. 103
Primate Habitats	p. 104
Mice and Rats Habitats	p. 105
Aquatic Habitats	p. 107
Other Habitats	p. 111
Plant Research Facilities	p. 112
Multipurpose Facilities	p. 114
Animal and Plant Centrifuge	p. 114
Workstation and Glovebox	p. 115
Microscope	p. 116
Life Sciences Laboratory Equipment	p. 116
Baseline Data Collection Facilities	p. 116
References	p. 119
Cell Biology	p. 121
Introduction	p. 122
Prologue	p. 122
History of Research on Cell Biology in Space	p. 122
Phase One	p. 124
Phase Two	p. 125
Phase Three	p. 127
Phase Four	p. 127
Critical Questions in Cell Biology	p. 128
Theoretical Considerations	p. 129
Further Considerations	p. 133
Cell Shape and Structure	p. 133
Biochemistry	p. 134
Results of Space Experiments	p. 134
Results by Kinds of Cells	p. 135
Enzymes and Microtubuli	p. 135
Viruses	p. 137
Bacteria	p. 138
Yeast	p. 140
Ciliates and Flagellates	p. 142
Slime Mold	p. 146
Mammalian Cells	p. 147
Results by Cell Functions	p. 148
Cell Proliferation	p. 148
Morphology and Motility	p. 154
Signal Transduction and Gene Expression	p. 157
Conclusions	p. 161
Space Research in Cell Biology: Issues	p. 161
Cell Biology in Space: Outlook	p. 164
References	p. 167
Animal Development in Microgravity	p. 171
Introduction	p. 172
Fertilization and Embryonic Development	p. 173
Fertilization in Microgravity	p. 174
Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Neurolation	p. 176
Xenopus laevis	p. 177
Pleurodeles	p. 178
Fish and Newts	p. 179
Conclusion	p. 179
Comparative Aspects of Embryonic Development	p. 181
Organ Development	p. 182
Nervous System and Sensory Organs	p. 182
Axonal Growth and Dendritic Morphology	p. 182
Synapse Formation	p. 183
Vestibular Apparatus	p. 186
Other Sensory Organs	p. 187
Muscle and Bone Development	p. 187
Muscle Development	p. 188
Mineralization and Bone Development	p. 190
Respiratory Organ	p. 194
Other Organs	p. 196
Functional Development	p. 196
Neuronal Activity	p. 197
Metabolic Activity	p. 199
Behavior	p. 202
Compensatory Eye and Head Movements	p. 203
Righting Response	p. 205
Locomotion	p. 207
Age-Related Microgravity Effects and Critical Periods	p. 208
Critical Period	p. 208
Development of Organs	p. 209
Cell Cultures	p. 209
Motor and Sensory Systems	p. 210
Pregnancy	p. 211
Developmental Velocity	p. 212
Longevity and Aging	p. 213
Regeneration	p. 214
Research Perspectives	p. 216
Fertility during Long-Term Exposure	p. 216
Is Gravity Genetically Coded?	p. 217
References	p. 219
Plant Development in Microgravity	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
The Response of Plants to a Change in the Direction of Gravity	p. 229
Perception of Gravity in Plants	p. 229
Transduction of Gravistimulus	p. 233
Transmission of the Stimulus to the Reaction Zone	p. 236
Differential Growth	p. 237
Gravitropism in Actual and Stimulated Microgravity	p. 240
Estimate of Gravisensitivity	p. 240
Statocyte Polarity	p. 244
Gravisensors: Starch Content and Volume	p. 246
Movement of the Organelles in Microgravity	p. 247
Gravitropic Response in Microgravity	p. 250
The Clinostat as a Tool for Studying Gravisensitivity	p. 251
The Role of Gravity in Plant Development	p. 252
Plants and their Environments	p. 252
Role of Meristems in the Plant Development	p. 252
The Plant Body	p. 253
Plasticity of the Plant Development	p. 256
The Role of Gravity in Plant Growth: Gravimorphism	p. 256
Orientation of Plant Organ with Respect to Gravity	p. 256
Role of Gravity in the Formation of Organs	p. 256
Formation of the Cell Wall and Differentiation of the Supporting Tissues	p. 257
Role of Gravity in the Cell Wall	p. 257
Secondary Growth and Vascular Cambium	p. 258
Compression and Tension Woods	p. 258
Development of Plants in Actual and Simulated Microgravity	p. 260
Vegetative Development of Plants	p. 260
Germination and Root Orientation	p. 260
The Growth of the Primary Root	p. 261
Root Elongation	p. 261
Hormone Content	p. 262
Mitotic Disturbances	p. 263
Cell Cycle in the Primary Root	p. 265
Development of the Root System	p. 267
Development of the Shoot System	p. 268
Formation of Peg in Microgravity	p. 270
Cell Wall in Microgravity	p. 270
Plant Protoplasts and Embryogenesis	p. 270
Conclusion on the Vegetative Phase of Plant Development in Microgravity	p. 271
Plants and the Space Environment	p. 273
Space Environment and Organs Formation	p. 273
Gas Composition of the Atmosphere in the Satellite	p. 274
Ethylene	p. 274
Oxygen	p. 274
Gas Exchanges and the Reproductive Phase	p. 275
Conclusions	p. 276
Plant Gravitropism: What is Known and What is to be Done	p. 276
Contribution of Space Experiments to our Knowledge of Plant Development	p. 279
References	p. 282
Radiation Biology	p. 291
Introduction	p. 291
Radiation on Earth	p. 291
Radiation in Low Earth Orbit	p. 293
Radiation Beyond Low Earth Orbit	p. 294
Radiation and Life	p. 294
The Radiation Field in Space	p. 295
Basic Radiation Biology	p. 298
Indirect Radiation Effects	p. 299
Direct Radiation Effects	p. 301
Radiation Units	p. 302
Effects of Radiation Exposure on Humans	p. 304
Results of Radio-Biological Studies in Space	p. 306
Biological Effects of HZE Particles	p. 306
Effects on Biological Systems in Resting State	p. 307
Effects on developing Embryonic Systems	p. 311
Effects in Mammals	p. 312
Light Flash Phenomenon	p. 312
Effects on the Central Nervous System	p. 314
Chromosomal Aberrations	p. 314
Cosmic Radiation and Spaceflight Factors	p. 315
Definitions	p. 315
Methods	p. 316
Results	p. 317
Repair Process	p. 317
Radiation Dosimetry in Space	p. 320
Physical Radiation Monitoring	p. 320
Biological Radiation Monitoring	p. 324
Intrinsic Biological Dosimeters	p. 325
Extrinsic Biological Dosimeters or Indicators	p. 325
Radiation Protection Considerations	p. 326
LEO Missions	p. 326
Exploration Mission	p. 327
Research Needed	p. 329
Summary and Conclusions	p. 330
Open Questions and Outlook	p. 331
References	p. 334
Biotechnology in Space	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
Cell Culture	p. 338
Objectives	p. 338
Results of Ground and Space Experiments	p. 338
Limitations	p. 340
Research Facilities	p. 341
Perspectives	p. 343
Protein Crystal Growth	p. 344
Objectives	p. 344
Minimal Resolution	p. 346
Results of Space Experiments	p. 347
Limitations	p. 351
Protein Growth Facilites on Board the ISS	p. 352
Perspectives	p. 353
Space Commercialization	p. 356
Potential	p. 356
Problems and Solutions	p. 357
References	p. 360
Index	p. 363
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Space Technology Library

Research on Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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