SONET/SDH

By: Walter Goralski

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Paperback | 4 October 2002 | Edition Number 3

At a Glance

Paperback
716 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 19.05 x 4.45

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Get comprehensive coverage of fiber optics, next generation SONET architecture, deployment, equipment, and services with this practical guide. Including details on SDH, advanced payload pointers, ring configuration, customer and carrier advantages, and more, this book thoroughly explains this emerging method of high speed data transmission.

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Computer Networking & Communications Computer Hardware Network Hardware Computer Science Image Processing Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. xix
Introduction to Fiber Optics and SONET/SDH
B-ISDN, ATM, and SONET/SDH	p. 5
Power on the Desktop	p. 6
Client/Server Computing	p. 13
Multimedia	p. 17
Broadband Networks	p. 18
Bandwidth and Delay	p. 20
Creating Broadband Networks	p. 24
B-ISDN	p. 25
Network Connections	p. 27
B-ISDN Splinters	p. 30
SONET as Private-Line Service	p. 32
A Fiber Optic Tutorial	p. 35
Fiber Optic Transmission	p. 37
Fiber Optic Cable Types	p. 40
Multimode Step-Index Fibers	p. 40
Multimode Graded-Index Fiber	p. 40
Single-Mode Step-Index Fibers	p. 41
Fiber Optic Advantages	p. 41
Bit Error Time Intervals	p. 42
Typical Media Bandwidths	p. 43
Long Distances	p. 44
Immunity from Interference	p. 45
Security	p. 46
Less Maintenance Costs	p. 46
Small Size and Weight	p. 47
Bandwidth Upgrades	p. 48
Optical Networking, WDM, and DWDM	p. 51
Optical Network Breakthroughs	p. 53
Special Fibers	p. 53
Light in Glass	p. 55
Fiber as Glass	p. 59
The Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)	p. 62
The Tunable Laser Diode Operating at 1550 nm	p. 65
In-Fiber Bragg Grating	p. 71
WDM	p. 73
WDM and SONET/SDH	p. 75
DWDM	p. 77
DWDM Impairments	p. 78
Modal Effects	p. 80
Scattering Effects	p. 80
Miscellaneous Effects	p. 81
The ITU DWDM Grid	p. 82
The Digital Hierarchy	p. 85
Analog and Digital	p. 86
The Digitization of Voice	p. 89
T-Carrier	p. 90
Other Digital Carrier Schemes	p. 93
Digital Hierarchies	p. 94
Proprietary T-3 and Above	p. 96
T-Carrier and Private Networks	p. 98
Linking LANs with Private Lines	p. 99
T-Carrier and Network Applications	p. 102
The Trouble with T-Carrier	p. 106
The Mid-Span Meet and Missing Pieces	p. 106
The Need for Operational Procedures	p. 107
Byte and Bit Interleaved Multiplexing	p. 108
DS-1 to DS-3 Multiplexing	p. 114
Problems with M13 Multiplexing	p. 116
What a Concept!	p. 117
Importance of SONET	p. 117
How SONET/SDH Works
The Evolution of SONET/SDH	p. 123
Meet the Players	p. 124
American National Standards Institute	p. 124
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Standards	p. 126
Telcordia (Bellcore)	p. 126
Electronic Industries Association	p. 127
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers	p. 128
International Telecommunication Union	p. 128
SONET Interoperability Forum	p. 129
Forging Standards	p. 129
SYNTRAN	p. 130
Quest for the Mid-Span Meet	p. 133
SONET and SDH	p. 134
SONET Standards: Three Phases	p. 138
Phase I	p. 138
Phase II	p. 139
Phase III	p. 139
SONET/SDH Architecture and Frame Structures	p. 141
SONET/SDH Speeds	p. 142
STS/OC Distinction	p. 146
SONET/SDH Architecture Layers	p. 148
SONET/SDH Overhead Hierarchy	p. 150
SONET Layers in Detail	p. 152
SONET Frame Structures	p. 160
STS-1 Frame Structure	p. 160
SONET Frames Beyond STS-1	p. 166
The STS-3 Frame Structure	p. 167
The STS-12 Frame Structure	p. 169
The STS-48 Frame Structure	p. 171
The STS-192 Frame Structure	p. 172
The STS-768 Frame Structure	p. 173
SDH Architectural Layers	p. 174
SDH Frame Structures	p. 176
STM-0 Frame Structure	p. 176
SDH Frames Beyond STM-0	p. 177
The STM-1 Frame Structure	p. 178
The STM-4 Frame Structure	p. 179
The STM-16 Frame Structure	p. 181
The STM-64 Frame Structure	p. 182
The STM-256 Frame Structure	p. 183
Concatenated SONET/SDH Frames	p. 185
STS-3 SPEs	p. 186
STS-3c (OC-3c) SPE	p. 188
Containers and Tributaries: Lower Rate Payloads	p. 190
SONET/SDH Overhead	p. 193
SONET/SDH Overhead	p. 194
Section/Regenerator Section Overhead	p. 195
Line/Multiplex Section Overhead	p. 202
Path/Higher Order Path Overhead	p. 209
Virtual Tributary and Virtual Container Overhead	p. 221
SONET/SDH Payloads	p. 229
Voice and SONET/SDH Payloads	p. 231
SONET Virtual Tributaries	p. 232
SDH Tributary Units	p. 249
The SDH Tributary Unit	p. 261
Other SONET/SDH Mappings	p. 263
Asynchronous DS-3	p. 264
ATM Cells	p. 266
Packet over SONET/SDH (POS)	p. 269
HDLC or PPP?	p. 271
The POS SPE	p. 273
Virtual Concatenation in SONET/SDH	p. 275
Higher Order Virtual Concatenation with H4	p. 278
Lower Order Virtual Concatenation with K4(Z7) Bit 2	p. 281
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)	p. 285
SONET/SDH Synchronization and Timing	p. 287
Network Synchronization	p. 288
Stratum Clocks	p. 298
Plesiochronous Clocking	p. 300
SONET/SDH Synchronous Multiplexing	p. 301
Synchronizing a SONET/SDH Network	p. 302
Benefits of SONET/SDH Timing	p. 306
Why SONET/SDH Needs Pointers	p. 307
SONET Pointer Justification	p. 308
SONET Pointer Values	p. 315
SONET STS-3c Pointer Justification	p. 316
SDH Pointers and Jitter	p. 319
SONET/SDH Network Equipment
SONET/SDH Networks	p. 323
Pre-SONET Carrier Systems	p. 324
SONET Carrier Systems	p. 327
SONET/SDH in Action	p. 329
SONET/SDH as Trunking	p. 331
SONET/SDH Links in Summary	p. 333
SONET/SDH and the Power Budget	p. 333
Decibels and the Power Budget	p. 334
Power Budget Calculations	p. 335
Computing the Optical Power Budget	p. 337
SONET/SDH and ATM	p. 345
SONET/SDH Components	p. 346
SONET/SDH Rings	p. 351
Rings in Action	p. 354
SONET/SDH Equipment	p. 357
SONET/SDH Networks	p. 358
The Distribution Network	p. 360
The Feeder Network	p. 362
The Local Backbone	p. 363
The Long-Haul Backbone	p. 364
SONET Components	p. 364
SONET Network Element Functioning	p. 366
Terminal Multiplexers	p. 368
Add/Drop Multiplexers	p. 370
SONET Digital Loop Carrier	p. 372
SONET Digital Cross-Connect Systems	p. 373
SONET Matched Nodes	p. 376
SONET Drop-and-Repeat	p. 377
SONET/SDH Equipment Providers	p. 381
The Big Six	p. 383
Product Overview	p. 384
The Product Sampler	p. 386
Alcatel Network Systems	p. 387
Alcatel 1631 LMC Wideband Digital Cross-Connect	p. 387
Alcatel 1677 SONET Link	p. 387
Fujitsu Network Transmission Systems	p. 388
Fujitsu FLASH-192	p. 388
Fujitsu FLM 2400 ADM	p. 389
Lucent Technologies	p. 390
Lucent DDM-2000 OC-3/OC-12/OC-48 ADM	p. 390
Lucent SLC-2000 Access System DLC	p. 391
NEC Optical	p. 391
NEC Vista	p. 392
NEC SMS-2500A	p. 393
Nortel Networks	p. 393
Nortel Networks TransportNode (TN) SDH Family	p. 394
Nortel Networks S/DMS TransportNode OC-192	p. 395
Tellabs	p. 396
Tellabs 5500 DCS	p. 396
Tellabs FOCUS LX	p. 397
Sample Product Configurations	p. 397
Alcatel Network Systems	p. 398
Fujitsu Network Transmission Systems	p. 399
Lucent Technologies	p. 400
NEC Transmission	p. 400
Nortel Networks	p. 401
Tellabs	p. 401
DWDM Equipment Providers	p. 403
Routers and SONET/SDH	p. 403
Cisco Systems	p. 404
Juniper Networks	p. 407
SONET/SDH Advantages
Customer and Carrier Advantages	p. 413
Key Benefits of SONET/SDH	p. 415
SONET Multipoint Grooming	p. 418
Reduced Back-to-Back Multiplexing	p. 420
Reduction of Cabling and DSX Panels	p. 422
Enhanced OAM&P	p. 424
OAM&P in T-Carrier Networks	p. 424
OAM&P in SONET	p. 425
Integrated Operations and Monitoring	p. 426
New Service Offerings	p. 428
Optical Interconnect: "Mid-Span Meet"	p. 430
SONET/SDH OAM&P	p. 433
SONET/SDH Overhead Revisited	p. 434
What Could Go Wrong?	p. 437
OAM&P Signals and Layers	p. 440
Users and OAM&P Operations	p. 443
Timing Problems	p. 450
SONET and T-Carrier Network Management	p. 450
SONET/SDH Network Management	p. 455
OSI and SNMP Network Management Layers	p. 460
OSI Network Management	p. 460
SNMP Network Management	p. 463
Standard Objects and SONET/SDH	p. 464
OAM&P, the ITU, and SONET/SDH	p. 465
Telecommunications Management Network	p. 466
SONET Management Information: 1/7/24	p. 470
TMN Issues	p. 472
IP and the SONET/SDH DCCs	p. 475
Transaction Language 1	p. 478
TL1 Messages	p. 479
SONET and TL1 Messages	p. 480
TL1 Messages and Memory Administration	p. 481
Provisioning SONET NEs with TL1	p. 482
Payload Mappings and Cross-Connections	p. 482
TL1 and System Backup	p. 483
TL1 Network Maintenance and Alarms	p. 484
Monitoring Performance	p. 484
TL1 and Testing Process	p. 486
SONET/SDH Protection and Rings	p. 487
SONET/SDH Rings and Fiber Failures	p. 488
Non-Ring Automatic Protection Switching	p. 489
SONET/SDH Ring Basics	p. 493
SONET Rings	p. 494
Unidirectional and Bidirectional	p. 496
Line Switching and Path Switching	p. 498
Two-Fiber and Four-Fiber	p. 498
Ring Applications	p. 498
Real-World SONET Rings	p. 501
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring Protection	p. 503
Unidirectional Path-Switched Rings Protection	p. 503
Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings	p. 507
Two-Fiber BLSR Protection	p. 507
Four-Fiber BLSR Protection	p. 510
Rings of Rings	p. 513
Ring Automatic Protection Switching	p. 514
SONET/SDH Linear Protection	p. 517
SDH Protection and Rings	p. 524
SONET/SDH Rings and Delay	p. 526
More Ring Issues	p. 528
SONET/SDH Rings and Timing	p. 530
The Synchronization Status Message and SONET Rings	p. 530
SONET/SDH Service Deployment
SONET/SDH Deployment	p. 539
SONET/SDH, Gigabit Ethernet, DWDM, and Fiber	p. 540
The Function of SONET/SDH	p. 541
T-Carrier Trunking Network	p. 542
T-Carrier Access Network	p. 543
SONET Trunking Network	p. 544
SONET Regional Network	p. 545
SONET Long-Haul Network	p. 546
SONET Access Network	p. 547
SONET Access Arrangements	p. 549
Private SONET/SDH Rings	p. 549
Running SONET/SDH Fiber	p. 551
"Railblazers"	p. 552
The AT&T Fleet	p. 552
Plowing Cable	p. 552
SONET/SDH Services	p. 555
SONET/SDH Applications: ATM	p. 556
SONET/SDH Applications: LAN Interconnection	p. 558
SONET/SDH Applications: Video and Graphics	p. 560
Cinema of the Future	p. 562
Cable TV Distribution	p. 563
SONET/SDH Service Architectures	p. 565
SONET/SDH Integrated Architectures	p. 570
SONET/SDH Futures and Issues	p. 573
Optical Networking and SONET/SDH	p. 574
The Optical ADM	p. 575
Changing Fibers in the Middle of the Stream	p. 575
Putting It All Together	p. 578
Summing Up	p. 581
SONET/SDH, IP, and Gigabit Ethernet	p. 582
Why Not IP Direct-to-Fiber?	p. 582
How Many Layers Between IP and the Fiber?	p. 584
Can the Routers Keep Up?	p. 586
The Cost Issue	p. 587
Sunset for SONET/SDH?	p. 588
Miscellaneous SONET/SDH Issues	p. 591
SONET/SDH Electrical Testing	p. 591
Bit Error Rates and SONET/SDH	p. 593
SONET/SDH Timing Errors	p. 595
Acronym and Abbreviation List	p. 599
Sonet Quick Reference	p. 611
SDH Quick Reference	p. 627
Bibliography	p. 647
Index	p. 665
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

SONET/SDH

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Paperback

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