Preface ix
1 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships 2
1.3 Thermodynamics of Single-Component Systems 10
1.4 Thermodynamics of Multiple-Component Systems 16
1.5 Thermodynamics of Alloys 21
1.6 Thermodynamics of Ideal Binary Solutions 25
1.7 Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Binary Solutions 26
1.8 Experimental Determination of Thermodynamic Quantities of Binary Alloys 34
Summary 36
Further Reading 41
2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Solidification Processes in Metals and Alloys 42
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Thermodynamics of Pure Metals 43
2.3 Thermodynamics of Binary Alloys 44
2.4 Equilibrium Between Phases in Binary Solutions. Phase Diagrams of Binary Alloys 50
2.5 Driving Force of Solidification in Binary Alloys 76
2.6 Thermodynamics of Ternary Alloys 78
2.7 Thermodynamics of Vacancies in Pure Metals and Alloys 83
Summary 90
Exercises 94
References 98
Further Reading 98
3 Properties of Interfaces 99
3.1 Introduction 99
3.2 Classical Theory of Interface Energy and Surface Tension 100
3.3 Thermodynamics of Interphases 114
3.4 Structures of Interfaces 123
3.5 Equilibrium Shapes of Crystals 145
Summary 155
Exercises 161
References 165
4 Nucleation 166
4.1 Introduction 166
4.2 Homogeneous Nucleation 167
4.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation. Inoculation 179
4.4 Nucleation of Bubbles 190
4.5 Crystal Multiplication 193
Summary 194
Exercises 197
References 200
5 Crystal Growth in Vapours 201
5.1 Introduction 202
5.2 Crystal Morphologies 202
5.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition 203
5.4 Crystal Growth 206
5.5 Normal Crystal Growth of Rough Surfaces in Vapours 210
5.6 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Vapours 214
5.7 Influence of Impurities on Crystal Growth in Vapours 238
5.8 Epitaxial Growth 244
5.9 Whisker Growth 249
5.10 Mechanical Restrictions on Thin Films 251
Summary 256
Exercises 263
References 266
6 Crystal Growth in Liquids and Melts 267
6.1 Introduction 268
6.2 Structures of Crystals and Melts 268
6.3 Growth Methods 275
6.4 Crystal Growth 278
6.5 Volume Changes and Relaxation Processes during Anelastic Crystal Growth in Metal Melts 279
6.6 Normal Crystal Growth in Pure Metal Melts 289
6.7 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Liquids 297
6.8 Normal Crystal Growth in Binary Alloys 310
6.9 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Planar Crystals in Binary Alloys 318
6.10 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Spherical Crystals in Alloys 324
6.11 Impingement 338
6.12 Precipitation of Pores 340
Summary 343
Exercises 355
References 360
7 Heat Transport during Solidification Processes. Thermal Analysis 361
7.1 Introduction 362
7.2 Basic Concepts and Laws of Heat Transport 362
7.3 Convection 366
7.4 Theory of Heat Transport at Unidirectional Solidification 378
7.5 Production of Single Crystals by Unidirectional Solidification 385
7.6 Thermal Analysis 395
7.7 Variable Heat of Fusion of Metals and Alloys 408
7.8 Variable Heat Capacitivity of Metals and Alloys 416
Summary 422
Exercises 429
References 432
8 Crystal Growth Controlled by Heat and Mass Transport 433
8.1 Introduction 433
8.2 Heat and Mass Transports in Alloys during Unidirectional Solidification 434
8.3 Zone Refining 443
8.4 Single Crystal Production by Czochralski Technique 450
8.5 Cellular Growth. Constitutional Undercooling. Interface Stability 454
Summary 465
Exercises 469
References 474
9 Faceted and Dendritic Solidification Structures 475
9.1 Introduction 476
9.2 Formation of Faceted Crystals 476
9.3 Growth of Faceted Crystals in Pure Metal Melts 476
9.4 Growth of Faceted Crystals in Alloy Melts 485
9.5 Growth of Dendrite Crystals 503
9.6 Development of Dendrites 529
9.7 Transitions between Structure Types in Alloys 565
Summary 573
Exercises 580
References 585
10 Eutectic Solidification Structures 587
10.1 Introduction 588
10.2 Classification of Eutectic Structures 588
10.3 Normal Eutectic Growth 589
10.4 Degenerate and Coupled Eutectic Growth 620
10.5 Structures of Ternary Alloys 635
10.6 Solidification of Fe-C Eutectics 646
10.7 Solidification of Al-Si Eutectics 658
10.8 Transition between Normal Lamellar and Rod Eutectic Growth 665
Summary 669
Exercises 675
References 680
11 Peritectic Solidification Structures 681
11.1 Introduction 681
11.2 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations 682
11.3 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations in Iron-Base Alloys 693
11.4 Metastable Reactions in Iron-Base Alloys 702
11.5 Metatectic Reactions and Transformations 704
11.6 Microsegregation in Iron-Base Alloys 708
11.7 Transitions between Peritectic and Eutectic Reactions in Iron-Base Alloys 716
Summary 719
Exercises 724
References 727
12 Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts 729
12.1 Introduction 730
12.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions 731
12.3 Production of Metallic Glasses 735
12.4 Experimental Methods for Structure Determination of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts 741
12.5 Structures of Metallic Glasses 744
12.6 Comparison of the Structures of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts. Rough Models of Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts 753
12.7 Casting of Metallic Glasses. Crystallization Processes in Amorphous Alloy Melts 759
12.8 Classification of Metallic Glasses 763
12.9 Properties and Applications of Metallic Glasses 764
Summary 771
Exercises 775
References 779
Answers to Exercises 781
Index 803
