| Foreword | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| About the Authors | p. xv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Pedestrian and Cyclist Injuries | p. 5 |
| Introduction | p. 5 |
| Global View of Pedestrian and Cyclist Fatality and Injury Rates | p. 5 |
| Main Pedestrian and Cyclist Injury Database Sources | p. 7 |
| Distribution of Pedestrian Injuries | p. 8 |
| Distribution of Cyclist Injuries | p. 10 |
| Injury Risk as a Function of Age and Sex | p. 16 |
| The Distribution of Vehicle Impact Speeds | p. 17 |
| Injuries from Vehicle and from Ground Contact | p. 21 |
| Injury Risk as a Function of Vehicle Size and Type | p. 21 |
| Injuries and Disabilities | p. 24 |
| Pedestrian Injury Trends over Time | p. 25 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 25 |
| Pedestrian and Cyclist Impact Kinematics | p. 31 |
| Introduction | p. 31 |
| Sources for Studying Pedestrian and Cyclist Movement | p. 32 |
| Classification of Pedestrian and Cyclist Impact Configurations | p. 32 |
| Pedestrian Sideswipe Collisions | p. 34 |
| Wrap Projection | p. 35 |
| Pedestrian/Cyclist Head Contact in Wrap Projections | p. 40 |
| Forward Projection | p. 43 |
| Post Head Impact Kinematics for Forward and Wrap Projection Cases | p. 45 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 48 |
| The Relationship between Vehicle Impact Speed and Pedestrian and Cyclist Projection Distance | p. 51 |
| Introduction | p. 51 |
| Stages of Pedestrian and Cyclist Projection | p. 52 |
| Post Impact Separation from the Vehicle | p. 53 |
| Effective Coefficient of Retardation in the Ground Contact | p. 54 |
| Accident Data | p. 54 |
| Staged Tests | p. 57 |
| Comparison between Accident Reconstructions and Staged Tests | p. 58 |
| Regression Models Relating Impact Speed to Pedestrian Projection Distance | p. 60 |
| Physics Based Models Relating Impact Speed to Pedestrian Projection Distance | p. 62 |
| Theoretical Considerations: The Particle Projection Model | p. 63 |
| Wrap Projection | p. 66 |
| Pedestrian Forward Projection | p. 67 |
| Confidence Limits for Vehicle Impact Speed Prediction | p. 70 |
| Other Models | p. 70 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 72 |
| Injury Mechanisms and Injury Criteria | p. 75 |
| Introduction | p. 75 |
| Head Injuries | p. 76 |
| Head Injury Criteria | p. 77 |
| Spinal Injuries | p. 82 |
| Thorax Injuries | p. 84 |
| Abdominal Injuries | p. 85 |
| Pelvis Injuries | p. 87 |
| Lower Extremity Injuries | p. 87 |
| The Long Bones: Femur, Tibia and Fibula | p. 88 |
| The Knee | p. 92 |
| The Ankle and Upper Extremities | p. 93 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 93 |
| Vehicle Design Standards for Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety | p. 99 |
| Introduction | p. 99 |
| Bodies Developing Pedestrian Safety Standards | p. 100 |
| Types of Test Proposed | p. 101 |
| Subsystem Tests: Legform Impactor to Bumper | p. 102 |
| Upper Legform to Bonnet Leading Edge | p. 104 |
| Headform to Bonnet Top: Adult and Child | p. 107 |
| Implementation into Legislation | p. 109 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 111 |
| Mathematical Formulations for Impact Modelling | p. 115 |
| Introduction | p. 115 |
| Notation | p. 116 |
| Timing | p. 117 |
| Impulse and Momentum | p. 118 |
| Single Segment Formulation Using Momentum Consideration | p. 120 |
| Post Primary Impact Kinematics | p. 121 |
| Head Contact Time | p. 121 |
| Post Head Impact Kinematics | p. 122 |
| Pedestrian Formulation Using an Ordinary Differintial Equaction(ODE) Approach | p. 124 |
| Rigid Body ODE Approach with a Hinge Segment | p. 127 |
| Three-Dimensional Effects | p. 130 |
| Problems with a Rigid Body Approach | p. 131 |
| A Finite Element Approach to Pedestrian Impact | p. 132 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 135 |
| Models for Simulating Impact | p. 137 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| Pedestrian Physical Dummy Models | p. 137 |
| Mathematical Models | p. 138 |
| Multibody Models | p. 141 |
| Finite Element Models | p. 145 |
| Application of Finite Element Pedestrian and Cyclist Models | p. 152 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 152 |
| Ground Contact Injuries | p. 159 |
| Introduction | p. 159 |
| Relative Severity of Ground Versus Vehicle Impact | p. 161 |
| Variability of Ground Contact | p. 162 |
| Vehicle Impact Speed Effects | p. 163 |
| Influence of Vehicle Design | p. 165 |
| Possible Methods to Reduce Ground Contact Injuries | p. 168 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 169 |
| The Influence of Vehicle Design on Pedestrian and Cyclist Injuries | p. 171 |
| Introduction | p. 171 |
| Definitions | p. 172 |
| Influence of Vehicle Mass | p. 175 |
| Influence of Vehicle Stiffness | p. 176 |
| Influence of Overall Vehicle Shape | p. 178 |
| Bumper Shape | p. 181 |
| Influence of Bumper Height on Whole-Body Kinematics | p. 184 |
| Secondary Bumper | p. 185 |
| Bumper Lead | p. 187 |
| Bumper Stiffness | p. 187 |
| Bullbars | p. 189 |
| Shape of Bonnet and Bonnet Leading Edge | p. 189 |
| Bonnet Leading Edge Stiffness | p. 189 |
| Head Impact on the Bonnet/Windscreen | p. 194 |
| Evaluation of Production Vehicles via Proposed Pedestrian Safety Regulations | p. 200 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 203 |
| Conclusions and Future Perspectives | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 209 |
| Epidemiology and In-Depth Crash Injury Studies | p. 209 |
| Kinematics | p. 211 |
| Population Variations to Injury and Disability Outcomes | p. 212 |
| Modelling and Simulation | p. 213 |
| Cost Benefit Calculations of Future Gains for Pedestrians and Cyclists | p. 214 |
| Immediate Problems of Pedestrians and Cyclists in Low Income Countries | p. 214 |
| Seperation of Fast Flowing Traffic from Pedestrians and Cyclists | p. 215 |
| Reduction of Vehicle Impact Speed with Pedestrians and Cyclists | p. 215 |
| Implementation of Pedestrian Friendly Front-End Design in Those Vehicles Which Are Most Likely to Collide with Pedestrians and Cyclists | p. 216 |
| Design Requirements for Future Vehicles | p. 216 |
| Requirements for a Global Pedestrian/Cyclist Friendly Standard | p. 217 |
| Conclusion | p. 218 |
| Index | p. 221 |
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