| Preface | p. ix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The separation process | p. 1 |
| Solid/liquid separation in the process flowsheet | p. 4 |
| Filter media | p. 6 |
| Cake and depth filtration | p. 10 |
| "Laws" of filtration | p. 10 |
| Particle and liquid properties in filtration | p. 13 |
| Particle shape | p. 13 |
| Particle size | p. 14 |
| The solution environment | p. 15 |
| The nature of the fluid | p. 18 |
| Conclusions - Perfection in separation! | p. 18 |
| Fluid dynamic background to filtration processes | p. 19 |
| Motion of particles in a fluid | p. 19 |
| Gravity settling at low concentrations | p. 22 |
| Settling in a centrifugal field | p. 24 |
| Suspensions with high concentrations of solids - hindered settling | p. 25 |
| Darcy's Law | p. 26 |
| Darcy's Law in filtration | p. 28 |
| Permeability and specific resistance | p. 28 |
| The Kozeny-Carman equation | p. 29 |
| Permeabilities calculated from cell models | p. 33 |
| Properties of porous media | p. 34 |
| The friction factor for particulate beds | p. 36 |
| Depth filtration (clarification) | p. 38 |
| Capture mechanisms | p. 38 |
| Modelling the capture process | p. 42 |
| Deposition and scour | p. 43 |
| Flow through fibrous and woven media | p. 44 |
| Flow through nonwoven, random fibre media | p. 44 |
| Monofilament woven media | p. 45 |
| Multifilament woven media | p. 50 |
| Cake deliquoring - multiphase flow in porous media | p. 51 |
| Capillary pressure and threshold pressure | p. 52 |
| Relative permeability and capillary pressure | p. 53 |
| Application to cake deliquoring | p. 57 |
| Other deliquoring models | p. 58 |
| Cake washing - Hydrodynamic dispersion | p. 60 |
| The equations of hydrodynamic dispersion | p. 62 |
| Washing deliquored filter cakes | p. 65 |
| Other models for cake washing | p. 67 |
| Expression - deliquoring by compression | p. 68 |
| Conclusions | p. 71 |
| Gravity clarification and thickening | p. 72 |
| Basics of gravity settling | p. 72 |
| Batch sedimentation | p. 73 |
| Types of sedimentation | p. 74 |
| Clarification | p. 76 |
| Thickening | p. 79 |
| Relating batch test data to thickeners | p. 80 |
| Thickener area | p. 85 |
| Thickener depth | p. 88 |
| Zone sedimentation models | p. 92 |
| Compression subsidence models | p. 92 |
| Zone settling vs. compression subsidence models | p. 93 |
| Conclusions | p. 95 |
| Filtration: cake formation | p. 96 |
| Relationships between process variables | p. 100 |
| Compressible cake filtration | p. 104 |
| Pressure conditions in a compressible filter cake | p. 105 |
| Working relationships for compressible filtration | p. 107 |
| Effects of pressure on filter cake properties | p. 108 |
| Other factors affecting filter cake properties | p. 109 |
| Expressions for the solids mass deposited | p. 116 |
| Expressions for suspension concentration | p. 116 |
| Relationships between cake thickness and filtrate volume | p. 117 |
| Basis for filtration calculations | p. 118 |
| Constant pressure operation | p. 119 |
| Constant rate operation | p. 126 |
| Variable pressure-variable rate operation | p. 128 |
| Filtration tests to determine cake formation data | p. 129 |
| Filtration onto cylindrical elements | p. 133 |
| Constant pressure filtration | p. 134 |
| Constant rate filtration | p. 135 |
| Filtration in centrifuges | p. 137 |
| Centrifugation rate and filtrate flow rate | p. 138 |
| Cake thickness dynamics | p. 142 |
| Filtration from suspensions of Non-Newtonian liquids | p. 143 |
| Process calculations | p. 144 |
| Optimisation of cycle times | p. 152 |
| Advanced models of cake filtration | p. 156 |
| Constitutive properties | p. 158 |
| Models incorporating interparticle interactions | p. 160 |
| Conclusions | p. 161 |
| Cake deliquoring | p. 162 |
| Threshold pressure and irreducible saturation | p. 163 |
| Irreducible saturation of vacuum or pressure deliquored cakes | p. 166 |
| Irreducible saturation of centrifuge cakes | p. 166 |
| Design charts for deliquoring | p. 168 |
| Vacuum and pressure deliquoring | p. 171 |
| Centrifugal deliquoring | p. 172 |
| Gravitational drainage | p. 173 |
| Experimental validation of the design charts | p. 173 |
| Example calculations for deliquoring | p. 177 |
| Summary of deliquoring calculations for vacuum and pressure filters | p. 179 |
| Effects of particle size, cake thickness and pressure difference | p. 187 |
| Summary of deliquoring calculations for centrifugal filters | p. 187 |
| Cake cracking | p. 192 |
| Stresses in partially saturated filter cakes | p. 192 |
| Conclusions | p. 195 |
| Cake washing | p. 196 |
| The wash liquid and washing curves | p. 198 |
| Measurement of washing curves | p. 199 |
| Representation of washing data | p. 202 |
| "Washing efficiency" | p. 203 |
| Cake washing models for design | p. 205 |
| Continuous washing processes | p. 212 |
| Correction factors for full scale filters | p. 215 |
| Washing deliquored filter cakes | p. 220 |
| Cake washability | p. 221 |
| Reslurry washing | p. 222 |
| Multiple reslurry systems | p. 223 |
| Countercurrent multiple reslurry systems | p. 226 |
| Multiple washing filter installations | p. 228 |
| Rotary vacuum filter flow sheets | p. 229 |
| Countercurrent washing on belt filters | p. 236 |
| Conclusions | p. 245 |
| Expression (compression deliquoring) | p. 247 |
| Experimental evaluation of expression | p. 249 |
| General treatment of experimental expression data | p. 250 |
| Interpretation of expression data | p. 252 |
| Analysis of the first stage - cake formation | p. 252 |
| Analysis of the second stage - cake consolidation | p. 254 |
| Expression on curved (2-dimensional) filter media | p. 261 |
| Factors affecting expression characteristics | p. 261 |
| Expression rate increase by inserted strings | p. 263 |
| "Torsional" expression | p. 264 |
| Conclusions | p. 265 |
| Membrane filtration | p. 266 |
| Membrane filtration processes | p. 268 |
| Crossflow filtration vs. normal (cake) filtration | p. 270 |
| How much permeate could be produced? | p. 270 |
| Membrane fouling and concentration polarisation | p. 271 |
| Fouling by proteins and other biological materials | p. 274 |
| Fouling by inorganic particulates - effects on MF performance | p. 276 |
| Ultrafiltration | p. 280 |
| Rejection | p. 280 |
| Mass transfer analysis | p. 280 |
| Determining the mass transfer coefficient | p. 282 |
| The diffusion coefficient | p. 283 |
| Limiting flux | p. 286 |
| Limiting concentration | p. 287 |
| Microfiltration | p. 287 |
| Filtration rate equations | p. 287 |
| Deadend filtration | p. 288 |
| Crossflow filtration | p. 290 |
| Critical flux operation | p. 291 |
| Deposit characteristics | p. 292 |
| Conclusions | p. 294 |
| List of notation | p. 296 |
| Bibliography and additional bibliography | p. 307 |
| Index | p. 328 |
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