| Preface | p. xi |
| List of Figures and Tables | p. xiii |
| Introduction | |
| Scope | p. 2 |
| Summary | p. 9 |
| Background | |
| History of Filtration | |
| Origins | p. 13 |
| Industrial Revolution and Onwards | p. 14 |
| Recent History | p. 16 |
| Current Trends | p. 17 |
| The Shape of the Industry Today | p. 18 |
| Summary | p. 19 |
| Physical Phenomena | |
| Basic Narrative of a Filtration Process | p. 23 |
| Step-by-step Narrative | p. 25 |
| The Nature of a Solid-Liquid Suspension | p. 25 |
| Particles and the Filter Medium, the Very Early Stages of Cake Formation | p. 26 |
| Cake Growth | p. 29 |
| Cake Pressing | p. 33 |
| Cake Washing | p. 33 |
| Cake Draining | p. 38 |
| Air Drying | p. 39 |
| Other Notable Phenomena and Things to Look out for | p. 41 |
| Variations in Cake Properties | p. 41 |
| Rapidly Settling Slurries | p. 42 |
| Compressible Filter Cakes | p. 43 |
| Migration of Fines | p. 43 |
| Precoat and Body Feed | p. 43 |
| Summary | p. 44 |
| Competitive Advantage | |
| Competitiveness in Processing | |
| Production Cost | p. 50 |
| Product Quality | p. 51 |
| Productivity | p. 51 |
| Safety, Health and the Environment | p. 52 |
| Summary | p. 53 |
| The Outcomes of Filtration Processes | |
| Filter Cake Outcomes | p. 57 |
| Cake Moisture | p. 57 |
| Cake Washing | p. 61 |
| Particle Breakage | p. 61 |
| Filtrate Outcomes | p. 61 |
| Filtrate Clarity and Volume | p. 62 |
| Slurry Outcomes | p. 63 |
| Filtration Costs | p. 63 |
| Power Costs | p. 63 |
| Utilities: Air and Water | p. 64 |
| Consumables | p. 64 |
| Maintenance Costs | p. 64 |
| Operator Costs | p. 64 |
| Examples of Filtration as a Part of a Process | p. 64 |
| Mineral Concentrate: Simple Dewatering | p. 64 |
| Alumina | p. 67 |
| Starch Washing and Dewatering | p. 71 |
| Summary | p. 72 |
| Filtration Process Success Factors | |
| Slurry Filterability | |
| The Nature of the Slurry to be Filtered | p. 76 |
| Pretreatment of the Slurry | p. 76 |
| Density | p. 77 |
| Temperature | p. 77 |
| Additives | p. 78 |
| Slurry Handling | p. 79 |
| Pumping | p. 79 |
| Storage/Suspension | p. 79 |
| Flow Control: Valves | p. 80 |
| Summary | p. 80 |
| Filter Design | |
| Vacuum Filtration: Continuous | p. 84 |
| Rotary Vacuum Drum Filter | p. 84 |
| Rotary Vacuum Disc Filter | p. 91 |
| Vacuum Belt Filter: Tray Type | p. 94 |
| Vacuum Belt Filter: Rubber Belt Type | p. 99 |
| Pan Filter | p. 101 |
| Pressure Filtration: Continuous | p. 103 |
| Pressure Filtration: Discontinuous | p. 104 |
| Filter Press | p. 104 |
| Tower Press | p. 111 |
| Tube Press | p. 115 |
| Candle Filters | p. 117 |
| Spinning Disc Filters | p. 120 |
| Leaf Filters | p. 121 |
| Centrifugal Filtration | p. 121 |
| Batch Centrifuges | p. 121 |
| Continuous Centrifuges | p. 123 |
| Summary | p. 124 |
| Filter Installation | |
| Human Considerations | p. 126 |
| Access: Walkways, Platforms, etc. | p. 126 |
| Noise | p. 126 |
| Lighting | p. 126 |
| Ventilation and Extraction | p. 127 |
| Flooring | p. 127 |
| Process Considerations | p. 128 |
| Slurry Systems | p. 129 |
| Cake Handling | p. 129 |
| Summary | p. 129 |
| Filter Cloth | |
| Desired Outcomes | p. 133 |
| Cloth Design and Manufacture | p. 133 |
| Materials | p. 134 |
| Yarn Types | p. 135 |
| Weave Types | p. 136 |
| Postweaving Treatment | p. 138 |
| Cloth Finishing and Fabrication | p. 141 |
| Cloth Support Grid | p. 141 |
| Cloth in Operation | p. 142 |
| Cloth Failure | p. 143 |
| Cloth Cleaning | p. 144 |
| Cloth Repair | p. 144 |
| Summary | p. 146 |
| Filter Maintenance | |
| Particular Issues with Filtration Equipment | p. 148 |
| Speed Versus Machine Sympathy | p. 149 |
| Optimal Operating Regime for a Multiple-Filter Installation | p. 149 |
| Component Plant Trials | p. 151 |
| Summary | p. 151 |
| Filter Operation | |
| Operational Choices | p. 154 |
| Example: Trough-fed Filter Capacity Versus Speed | p. 154 |
| Effect of Speed on Top-fed Filters | p. 157 |
| Batch Pressure Filters | p. 157 |
| Summary | p. 158 |
| Creating and Sustaining a Competitive Advantage | |
| Process Testing | |
| Test Equipment | p. 162 |
| Laboratory Scale | p. 162 |
| Pilot-Scale | p. 163 |
| Testing Program | p. 164 |
| Design of Experiments | p. 164 |
| Sampling | p. 165 |
| Example Method | p. 165 |
| Data Acquisition | p. 165 |
| Archiving Data | p. 166 |
| Cake Washing | p. 166 |
| Analysis | p. 166 |
| Scaling Up | p. 168 |
| Summary | p. 168 |
| Getting the Most from Filtration Processes | |
| Product Development and Process Design | p. 170 |
| Equipment Selection | p. 170 |
| Principles of Equipment Selection | p. 171 |
| The Process of Buying (and Selling) | p. 172 |
| Second-hand Equipment | p. 174 |
| Slurry and Application Questionnaire | p. 175 |
| After Commissioning | p. 175 |
| Process Optimization | p. 175 |
| Optimization Projects | p. 177 |
| The Tower of Filtration Process Success Factors | p. 178 |
| Summary | p. 179 |
| Bibliography | |
| Useful Expressions | |
| Slurry Relationships | p. 183 |
| Cake Relationships | p. 185 |
| Balances Across the Filter | p. 185 |
| Summary | p. 187 |
| Flow Through a Growing Porous Filter Cake | |
| Filtration Equation | p. 189 |
| Pressure Drop over Cake: pcake | p. 190 |
| Pressure Drop over Medium: | p. Δp< |
| Pressure Drop over the Cake and Medium | p. 191 |
| Filtration under Constant Pressure | p. 192 |
| Filtration with Constant Flow | p. 194 |
| Forms and Templates | |
| Sample Test Method | |
| Assessment of Slurry Filterability | p. 199 |
| Objective | p. 199 |
| Background | p. 199 |
| Apparatus | p. 199 |
| Set-up | p. 200 |
| Sample Collection and Preparation | p. 201 |
| Method | p. 201 |
| Analysis and Interpretation of Results | p. 202 |
| Index | p. 203 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |