Solar Variability and Planetary Climates

By: Y. Calisesi (Editor), R. -M Bonnet (Editor), L. Gray (Editor)

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Hardcover | 6 April 2007

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488 Pages

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2 With a global average irradiance of 342 W/m , the Sun is by far the largest source of energy for planet Earth. In comparison, the internal energy produced by Earth 2 itself is only about 0. 087 W/m (Pollack et al. , 1993), which in turn is 3. 5 times 2 larger than the 0. 025 W/m of heat produced by the burning of fossil fuels. About 31% (31 units) of the solar energy which arrives at the top of the - mosphere is re?ected back to space by scattering from clouds, aerosols, and the Earth's surface. Almost 20 units of solar radiation are absorbed in the atmosphere. The remaining 49 units are absorbed at the surface. Evaporation of water at the Earth's surface consumes 23 units, and 7 units are transferred to the atmosphere by heat conduction. On balance 19 units are lost from the Earth's surface as infrared radiation, however consisting of 114 going upward and 95 returning from the - mosphere to the Earth's surface (see also Rosenfeld, 2006). There is thus a sixfold recycling of energy. This is the greenhouse effect, established by the presence of watervaporandofothergreenhousegases,CO ,CH ,N O,andCFCs,intheatmo- 2 4 2 sphere. Due to human activities the latter have been increasing in the atmosphere, 2 causing climate warming through an energy imbalance of 2. 5-3 W/m , more than 100 times larger than the heat released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels.

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Foreword	p. 1
Introduction	p. 5
Solar Output Variability
Assessing Solar Variability: Introductory Paper	p. 17
Solar Variability of Possible Relevance for Planetary Climates	p. 25
Measurement of Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance	p. 39
Solar Irradiance Variability Since 1978: Revision of the PMOD Composite during Solar Cycle 21	p. 53
Solar Variability Over the Past Several Millennia	p. 67
Solar and Heliospheric Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays	p. 81
What do Cosmogenic Isotopes Tell us About Past Solar Forcing of Climate?	p. 95
Tropospheric Aerosols, Radiation Budget, and Changes
Observed Long-Term Variations of Solar Irradiance at the Earth's Surface	p. 111
Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Climate	p. 129
Satellite Observations of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Climate	p. 139
Aerosol-Cloud Interactions Control of Earth Radiation and Latent Heat Release Budgets	p. 149
Atmospheric Ion-Induced Aerosol Nucleation	p. 159
Atmospheric Aerosol and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Formation: A Possible Influence of Cosmic Rays?	p. 169
Climate Change: Detection and Attribution
On the Response of the Climate System to Solar Forcing: Introductory Paper	p. 187
Detection and Attribution of Climate Change, and Understanding Solar Influence on Climate	p. 199
The Climate Response to the Astronomical Forcing	p. 213
Regional Response of the Climate System to Solar Forcing: The Role of the Ocean	p. 227
Middle Atmospheric Response to Solar Variability
Discussion of the Solar UV/Planetary Wave Mechanism: Introductory Paper	p. 237
Solar Variation and Stratospheric Response	p. 247
Signature of the 11-Year Cycle in the Upper Atmosphere	p. 261
The Middle Atmospheric Ozone Response to the 11-Year Solar Cycle	p. 273
Influence of the Solar Cycle on the General Circulation of the Stratosphere and Upper Troposphere	p. 287
Multidecadal Signal of Solar Variability in the Upper Troposphere During the 20th Century	p. 305
The Role of Dynamics in Solar Forcing	p. 319
Solar Influences on Dynamical Coupling Between the Stratosphere and Troposphere	p. 331
The Response of the Middle Atmosphere to Solar Cycle Forcing in the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere	p. 345
A Possible Transfer Mechanism for the 11-Year Solar Cycle to the Lower Stratosphere	p. 357
Recent Space Data
Recent Space Data: Introductory Paper	p. 371
Satellite Measurements of Middle Atmospheric Impacts by Solar Proton Events in Solar Cycle 23	p. 381
Impact of Solar Activity on Stratospheric Ozone and NO2 Observed by GOMOS/ENVISAT	p. 393
The Stratospheric and Mesospheric NOy in the 2002-2004 Polar Winters as Measured by MIPAS/ENVISAT	p. 403
Early Data from Aura and Continuity from Uars and Toms	p. 417
Planetary Science
What Do We Know About the Climate of Terrestrial Planets? Introductory Paper	p. 431
Solar Variability and Climate Impact on Terrestrial Planets	p. 435
Climate Variability on Venus and Titan	p. 445
The Orbital Forcing of Climate Changes on Mars	p. 457
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Solar Variability and Planetary Climates

At a Glance

Hardcover

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